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Significant moderating effects were found. Children without the intron8-A\/intron13-G, intron8-A\/3\u2032-UTR VNTR-10, or intron13-G\/3\u2032-UTR VNTR-10 haplotypes (i.e., haplotypes associated with the reduced<jats:italic>SLC6A3<\/jats:italic>gene expression and thus lower dopamine functioning) appeared to demonstrate altered levels of EC as a function of maternal parenting quality, whereas children with these haplotypes demonstrated a similar EC level regardless of the parenting quality. Children with these haplotypes demonstrated a trade-off, such that they showed higher EC, relative to their counterparts without these haplotypes, when exposed to less supportive maternal parenting. The findings revealed a diathesis\u2013stress pattern and suggested that different<jats:italic>SLC6A3<\/jats:italic>haplotypes, but not single variants, might represent different levels of young children's sensitivity\/responsivity to early parenting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579415000383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,30]],"date-time":"2015-04-30T04:51:02Z","timestamp":1430369462000},"page":"199-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Predicting childhood effortful control from interactions between early parenting quality and children's dopamine transporter gene haplotypes"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sulik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Spinrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Lemery-Chalfant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daryn A.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Verrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447803800412"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(03)00187-6"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327922par0404_1"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610383510"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.2.220"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.4.969"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025411406858"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.554"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12054"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319501"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02563.x"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.2.423"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02095.x"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.170"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001641"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.22.1.30"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.674"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref1","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques","author":"Arbuckle","year":"1996"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-006-0244-8"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0904_1"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref11","first-page":"993","article-title":"Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene","volume":"56","author":"Cook","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204011429315"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135223"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506897102"},{"key":"S0954579415000383_ref46","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. 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