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Here, we examined trajectories of shyness from childhood to adulthood in three groups (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 254), with varying degrees of prenatal adversity as indicated by the number of stressful exposures: extremely low birth weight (ELBW; &lt;1000 g) survivors prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+S,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 56); ELBW survivors not prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+NS,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 56); and normal birth weight (NBW,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 142) controls. Multilevel modeling revealed that the ELBW+S individuals exhibited the highest levels of childhood shyness, which remained stable into adulthood. The ELBW+NS and NBW controls had comparably low levels of childhood shyness; however, the ELBW+NS individuals experienced patterns of increasing shyness, while NBW controls displayed decreases in shyness into adulthood. We speculate that individuals exposed to multiple prenatal stressors (i.e., ELBW+S) may be developmentally programmed to be more sensitive to detecting social threat, with one manifestation being early developing, stable shyness, while increasing shyness among ELBW+NS individuals may reflect a later developing shyness influenced by postnatal context. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the developmental origins and developmental course of human shyness from childhood through adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579419000208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T09:10:18Z","timestamp":1553850618000},"page":"455-464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Developmental programming of shyness: A longitudinal, prospective study across four decades"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Kristie L.","family":"Poole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Saigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Van Lieshout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis 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