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He distinguished persons with a clear, organic cause of their ID from those displaying no clear cause. Members of this \u201corganic\u201d group often displayed IQs below 50 and co-occurring physical\u2013medical conditions. The second, \u201ccultural\u2013familial\u201d group, mostly showed IQs of 50\u201370, did not possess co-occurring physical or health problems, and often came from families of lower IQs and lower socioeconomic status. While the presence of these two groups has been supported, recent advances have also further differentiated the organic group, mostly in relation to behavioral phenotypes of persons with several genetic etiologies. In part two, Zigler championed the child with ID as a \u201cwhole person.\u201d Originally focused on the child's reactions to social deprivation and failure, recent studies directly examine parent\u2013child, within-family, and wider system interactions throughout the life span. For decades a force within the ID field, Zigler's developmental approach to children with ID continues to influence researchers, interventionists, and policymakers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579420002084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T12:24:27Z","timestamp":1620303867000},"page":"453-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ed Zigler's developmental approach to intellectual disabilities: Past, present, and future contributions"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3543-8726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert 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