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However, most irritability measures currently used are drawn from parent-report questionnaires not designed to measure irritability per se; furthermore, parent report methods have several important limitations. We therefore examined the utility of observational ratings of children's irritability in predicting later psychopathology symptoms. Four-hundred and nine 3-year-old children (208 girls) completed observational tasks tapping temperamental emotionality and parents completed questionnaires assessing child irritability and anger. Parent-reported child psychopathology symptoms were assessed concurrently to the irritability assessment and when children were 5 and 8 years old. Children's irritability observed during tasks that did not typically elicit anger predicted their later depressive and hyperactivity symptoms, above and beyond parent-reported irritability and context-appropriate observed anger. Our findings support the use of observational indices of irritability and have implications for the development of observational paradigms designed to assess this construct in childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579421000183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T08:06:01Z","timestamp":1621497961000},"page":"1531-1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Observational measures of early irritability predict children's psychopathology risk"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6014-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ola","family":"Mohamed Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-1143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsay N.","family":"Gabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kasey","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin A.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1609-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579421000183_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.08.012","article-title":"Irritability in youth: An update","volume":"54","author":"Avenevoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579421000183_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070917","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of frustration in chronically irritable children","volume":"170","author":"Deveney","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579421000183_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.109.3.524","article-title":"Suppression situations in psychological research: Definitions, implications, and applications","volume":"109","author":"Tzelgov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"S0954579421000183_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035612","article-title":"Child temperament and parental depression predict cortisol reactivity to stress in middle childhood","volume":"123","author":"Mackrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579421000183_ref29","unstructured":"Goldsmith, H. 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