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Studies have suggested that anxiety may be either a protective or risk factor for substance use. The present study aimed to clarify evidence for anxiety-specific associations with substance use, examining sex and developmental period (adolescence vs. adulthood) as potential moderators that may help explain conflicting results in the literature. In a longitudinal twin sample, cross-sectional associations of anxiety with substance use differed in adolescents and adults and in girls\/women and boys\/men. Controlling for externalizing psychopathology and depression, anxiety was associated with reduced substance use in adolescent girls and increased substance use in adult women. In contrast, anxiety-specific associations with substance use were not significant in boys and men. Possible explanations for these contrasting results across development and sex are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579422000232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:40:49Z","timestamp":1651477249000},"page":"1484-1496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Anxiety-specific associations with substance use: Evidence of a protective factor in adolescence and a risk factor in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1534-4116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya M.","family":"Rieselbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin P.","family":"Corley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Hyun","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref38","first-page":"4","article-title":"Patterns and correlations in anxiety disorders in community samples","volume":"63","author":"Kessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000247"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1201510"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-008-9385-5"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.03.013"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005177306699"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0233-0"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000069"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3003_4"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035805"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.11.013"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7893.2008.00076.x"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2016.1207969"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00355-5"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.03.008"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001572"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0544-y"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9066-7"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002328"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9340-2"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.04.009"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.04.037"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830130068014"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.02.009"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.4.620"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9360-y"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.18.2348"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0277-6"},{"key":"S0954579422000232_ref70","unstructured":"Robins, L. 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