{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:07:49Z","timestamp":1789430869550,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnancy is a time of increased vulnerability to psychopathology, yet limited work has investigated the extent to which variation in psychopathology during pregnancy is shared and unshared across syndromes and symptoms. Understanding the structure of psychopathology during pregnancy, including associations with childhood experiences, may elucidate risk and resilience factors that are transdiagnostic and\/or specific to particular psychopathology phenotypes. Participants were 292 pregnant individuals assessed using multiple measures of psychopathology. Confirmatory factor analyses found evidence for a structure of psychopathology consistent with the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). A common transdiagnostic factor accounted for most variation in psychopathology, and both adverse and benevolent childhood experiences (ACEs and BCEs) were associated with this transdiagnostic factor. Furthermore, pregnancy-specific anxiety symptoms most closely reflected the dimension of Fear, which may suggest shared variation with manifestations of fear that are not pregnancy-specific. ACEs and BCEs also linked to specific prenatal psychopathology involving thought problems, detachment, and internalizing, externalizing, antagonistic, and antisocial behavior. These findings extend the dimensional and hierarchical HiTOP model to pregnant individuals and show how maternal childhood risk and resilience factors relate to common and specific forms of psychopathology during pregnancy as a period of enhanced vulnerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579422001390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T10:01:28Z","timestamp":1675418488000},"page":"545-561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Risk and resilience factors for psychopathology during pregnancy: An application of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5946-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Hankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela J.","family":"Narayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6345-9271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elysia Poggi","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000521"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref99","volume-title":"The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 \u2013 LEC-5 and Extended Criterion A","author":"Weathers","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00309"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000452"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.022"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03591-1"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.11.030"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116676889"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13252"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.10.004"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497473"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2015.1089249"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.008"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA adult forms and profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691618810696"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418001530"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001902"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.18.4.333"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref47","volume-title":"The Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4","author":"Hyler","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00299-9"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112748"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref100","volume-title":"The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)","author":"Weathers","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101997"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000364"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.11.013"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13067"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-020-10001-3"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.02.018"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0904_8"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.016"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000663"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17121383"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000069"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.093062"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref93","volume-title":"Poverty thresholds by size of family member and number of related children under 18 years","year":"2021"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-019-00293-1"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412995627.d38"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref28","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology","author":"Derogatis","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref49","unstructured":"Kenny, D. A. (2011). Respecification of latent variable models. http:\/\/davidakenny.net\/cm\/respec.htm"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref8","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013b). The Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form (PID-5-BF)-Adult. https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/File%20Library\/Psychiatrists\/Practice\/DSM\/APA_DSM5_The-Personality-Inventory-For-DSM-5-Brief-Form-Adult.pdf"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref71","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102370"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1304-4"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref5","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R)","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20730"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM1001_4"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20943"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref66","volume-title":"Personality Assessment Inventory: Professional manual","author":"Morey","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.08.002"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105056"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref7","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.623250"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5354"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.03.009"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref6","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)","year":"1994"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002674"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller, W. R. , Tonigan, J. S. , & Longabaugh, R. (1995). The Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DrInC): An instrument for assessing adverse consequences of alcohol abuse. https:\/\/pubs.niaaa.nih.gov\/publications\/projectmatch\/match04.pdf","DOI":"10.1037\/e563232012-001"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1321002"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029598"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028445"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3139"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.157.2.288"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16020138"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref88","volume-title":"The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self-Evaluation Questionnaire)","author":"Spielberger","year":"1970"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2007.12.003"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.02.017"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2014.7"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619855035"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref12","volume-title":"Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3 (MMPI-3): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation","author":"Ben-Porath","year":"2020"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/stats3040029"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref41","first-page":"195","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: Present and future","author":"Hancock","year":"2001"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.12.016"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2018.09.005"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418000470"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42844-022-00070-0"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12593"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2020.1723598"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref4","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III)","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref13","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"Brown","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31819930b0"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/U1B0-NKWC-568V-4MAK"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830903487300"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0148"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01561-6"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000260"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095539"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09769-8"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.065"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000264"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420001121"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579421000742"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.09.018"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.061"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22719"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000585"},{"key":"S0954579422001390_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20844"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579422001390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T14:04:30Z","timestamp":1742393070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579422001390\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579422001390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579422001390","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}