{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:25:28Z","timestamp":1793172328739,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a wealth of literature characterizing social difficulties in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little work has replicated longitudinal findings from typical development that adolescent social competence predicts positive adult outcomes in ASD. The current study examined social competence trajectories from 2 to 26 and the utility of three social competence measures collected in adolescence in predicting work, residential status, friendship, and romantic outcomes in a longitudinal cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 253) of ASD. Using group-based trajectory modeling, we identified two patterns of social competence development: a low trajectory characterized by slow linear gains throughout childhood and plateauing in adulthood, and a high trajectory characterized by steeper linear gains in childhood followed by decline in adulthood. Regression models indicated one social competence measure, Vineland Social-AE scores, significantly predicted employment, residential status, and friendships in adulthood. One other social competence measure, SSQ total scores, also significantly predicted friendship in adulthood. Only nonverbal IQ at 9 predicted the likelihood of having ever had a romantic relationship. These findings highlight the role of social competence in both atypical and typical development and suggest the social impairments associated with ASD do not necessarily impact all realms of social functioning equally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579423000664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T04:12:21Z","timestamp":1688011941000},"page":"1442-1457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Social competence as a predictor of adult outcomes in autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-7157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine B.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320919246"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2359"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01541-5"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00156"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref22","unstructured":"Furstenberg, F. , Kennedy, S. , McCloyd, V. , Rumbaut, R. , & Settersten, R. (2003). Between Adolescence and Adulthood: Expectations about the Timing of Adulthood. (Network on Transitions to Adulthood and Public Policy Working Paper No. 1). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/237234266"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12439"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2022.0017"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000362"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref25","volume-title":"Social skills rating system manual","author":"Gresham","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.2530"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.63.4.228"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.01.001"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000308"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.12.001"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361300004001005"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0229-4"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2004"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2504-8"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404040167"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3075-7"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17105\/SPR-2017-0113.V48-2"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134615"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-119.1.64"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-3802.2010.01148.x"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00526"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221077721"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2606"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1957"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-115.4.277"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-2010-9"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2014.a538697"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-918"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000005995.02453.0b"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.01.006"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0470-5"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2113"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-4300G"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref28","first-page":"265","article-title":"Life course impacts of parenting a child with a disability","volume":"106","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal on Mental Retardation"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2014.883636"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref40","first-page":"659","volume-title":"The autism diagnostic interview-revised (ADI-R)","author":"Le Couteur","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361317728821"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404040143"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131901"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref57","volume-title":"Mullen scales of early learning","author":"Mullen","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1593650"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13180"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404040015"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref24","volume-title":"Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [Database record]","author":"Goodman","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361317709202"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361311416380"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.03.001"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-128.2.164"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref74","volume-title":"The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales","author":"Sparrow","year":"2005"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30376-5"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.6.694"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20038"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0631-2"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhp.2021.200198"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.11.008"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.03.006"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131806"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0792-9_16"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034297"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1524-x"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2696"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7202a1"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000325"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000234"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref88","volume-title":"Emerging Adults in America: Coming of Age in the 21st Century","author":"Collins","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146520952769"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1709"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034297"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2167"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1339-1"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000222"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-0955-5"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0044"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-013-1014-y"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000826"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9326-0"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12178"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3199-9"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref85","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014WISC-IV","author":"Wechsler","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref17","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5","volume":"28","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref45","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule\u20132nd edition (ADOS-2)","author":"Lord","year":"2012"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref86","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition (WASI-II)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01130.x"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1833-8"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref20","volume-title":"Differential Ability Scales","author":"Elliott","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2010.279"},{"key":"S0954579423000664_ref4","first-page":"7","article-title":"Assessment and development of social competence: Introduction to the special issue","volume":"4","author":"Arnold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal for Educational Research Online"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579423000664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T11:26:15Z","timestamp":1727781975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579423000664\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579423000664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579423000664","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}