{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T01:20:07Z","timestamp":1780363207054,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adverse environments are linked to elevated youth antisocial behavior. However, this relation is thought to depend, in part, on genetic susceptibility. The present study investigated whether polygenic risk for antisociality moderates relations between hostile environments and stable as well as dynamic antisocial behaviors across adolescence. We derived two antisocial-linked polygenic risk scores (PRS) (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 721) based on previous genome-wide association studies. Forms of antisocial behavior (nonaggressive conduct problems, physical aggression, social aggression) and environmental hostility (harsh parenting and school violence) were assessed at age 13, 15, and 17 years. Relations to individual differences stable across adolescence (latent stability) vs. time-specific states (timepoint residual variance) of antisocial behavior were assessed via structural equation models. Higher antisocial PRS, harsh parenting, and school violence were linked to stable elevations in antisocial behaviors across adolescence. We identified a consistent polygenic-environment interaction suggestive of differential susceptibility in late adolescence. At age 17, harsher parenting was linked to higher social aggression in those with higher antisocial PRS, and lower social aggression in those with lower antisocial PRS. This suggests that genetics and environmental hostility relate to stable youth antisocial behaviors, and that genetic susceptibility moderates home environment-antisocial associations specifically in late adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095457942400004x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T11:20:37Z","timestamp":1707391237000},"page":"464-476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Polygenic risk and hostile environments: Links to stable and dynamic antisocial behaviors across adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1550-9980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E. L.","family":"Acland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Pocuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9957-5696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Paquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8621-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4591-3199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Ouellet-Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2917-5889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. F. M.","family":"Andlauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. P.","family":"Gouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M.","family":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. E.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8587-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Geoffroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7077-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Castellanos-Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000848","article-title":"Change and reciprocity in adolescent aggressive and rule-breaking behaviors and parental support and dysfunctional discipline","volume":"24","author":"Haan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.12.004","article-title":"Are there meaningful etiological differences within antisocial behavior? Results of a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Burt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2013.06.014","article-title":"Aggression and rule-breaking: Heritability and stability of antisocial behavior problems in childhood and adolescence","volume":"41","author":"Niv","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2017.1392248","article-title":"Estimating standardized SEM parameters given nonnormal data and incorrect model: Methods and comparison","volume":"25","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.04.036","article-title":"The association between aggressive and non-aggressive antisocial problems as measured with the achenbach system of empirically based assessment: A study of 27,861 parent-adolescent dyads from 25 societies","volume":"85","author":"Burt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12419","article-title":"Developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on rule-breaking and aggression: Age and pubertal development","volume":"56","author":"Harden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)80131-0","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 exposure to community and school violence: Prevalence and behavioral correlates","volume":"20","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref69","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (1996). National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, user\u2019s handbook and microdata guide. Special Surveys Division, Statistics Canada."},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001894","article-title":"Do etiological influences on aggression overlap with those on rule breaking? A meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Burt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100067","article-title":"Experience of neighbourhood violence and mental distress in Brazilian favelas: A cross-sectional household survey","volume":"4","author":"Cruz","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health-Americas"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01906-3","article-title":"Polygenic risk for aggressive behavior from late childhood through early adulthood","volume":"32","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2017.03.004","article-title":"Human demographic history impacts genetic risk prediction across diverse populations","volume":"100","author":"Martin","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Human Genetics"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref53","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2021"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2019.04.009","article-title":"Contagion of pro- and anti-social behavior among peers and the role of social proximity","volume":"73","author":"Dimant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-021-10069-5","article-title":"Genetic moderation of the association between early family instability and trajectories of aggressive behaviors from middle childhood to adolescence","volume":"51","author":"Womack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Genetics"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016130","article-title":"Aggressive versus nonaggressive antisocial behavior: Distinctive etiological moderation by age","volume":"45","author":"Burt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref31","first-page":"232","volume-title":"The oxford handbook of impulse control disorders","author":"Hammond","year":"2012"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.07.002","article-title":"The propensity for aggressive behavior and lifetime incarceration risk: A test for gene-environment interaction (G \u00d7 E) using whole-genome data","volume":"49","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref68","volume-title":"SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS","author":"Pallant","year":"2020"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/01650254221113472","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the social behavior questionnaire (SBQ) in a longitudinal population-based sample","volume":"47","author":"Collet","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9755-x","article-title":"The effect of corporal punishment and verbal abuse on delinquency: Mediating mechanisms","volume":"41","author":"Evans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713003218","article-title":"A longitudinal twin study of physical aggression during early childhood: Evidence for a developmentally dynamic genome","volume":"44","author":"Lacourse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01793-3","article-title":"Uncovering the genetic architecture of broad antisocial behavior through a genome-wide association study meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Tielbeek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.04.011","article-title":"Are there detrimental effects of witnessing school violence in early adolescence?","volume":"43","author":"Janosz","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402002110","article-title":"Sex differences in the genetic and environmental influences on the development of antisocial behavior","volume":"14","author":"Jacobson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0309-4","article-title":"Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond","volume":"2","author":"Moffitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3069","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of a broad spectrum of antisocial behavior","volume":"74","author":"Tielbeek","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000099","article-title":"The contribution of parents and siblings to antisocial and depressive behavior in adolescents: A double jeopardy coercion model","volume":"15","author":"Compton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1566","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1566","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the mental health and social inadaptation assessment for adolescents (MIA) in a population-based sample","volume":"26","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510362879","article-title":"Effects of parental monitoring and exposure to community violence on antisocial behavior and anxiety\/depression among adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Bacchini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-009-9135-y","article-title":"Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference chi-square test statistic","volume":"75","author":"Satorra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009599208790","article-title":"A truly early starter model of antisocial behavior revisited","volume":"3","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-011-9267-0","article-title":"Should social aggression be considered \u201cantisocial\u201d?","volume":"34","author":"Burt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940300021X","article-title":"A longitudinal behavioral genetic analysis of the etiology of aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior","volume":"15","author":"Eley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref64","first-page":"371","article-title":"Child behavior checklist","volume":"7","author":"Achenbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Burlington (Vt)"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0488-5","article-title":"Development of aggression subtypes from childhood to adolescence: A group-based multi-trajectory modelling perspective","volume":"47","author":"Girard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.940623","article-title":"Parenting and the family check-up: Changes in observed parent-child interaction following early childhood intervention","volume":"44","author":"Sitnick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01070.x","article-title":"The impact of violence exposure on aggressive behavior through social information processing in adolescents","volume":"81","author":"Calvete","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/1063426617742345","article-title":"Peer network dynamics and the amplification of antisocial to violent behavior among young adolescents in public middle schools","volume":"26","author":"Kornienko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.1.78","article-title":"Nonshared environment: A theoretical, methodological, and quantitative review","volume":"126","author":"Turkheimer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00913697","article-title":"The preschool behavior questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"Behar","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/016502549201500204","article-title":"A prosocial scale for the Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire: Concurrent and predictive correlates","volume":"15","author":"Tremblay","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579422001420","article-title":"Trajectories of parental harshness and exposure to community violence differentially predict externalizing and internalizing mental health problems in legal system-involved youth","author":"Estrada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.07.013","article-title":"Genetic influences on antisocial behavior: Recent advances and future directions","volume":"27","author":"Gard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.02.006","article-title":"How do we optimally conceptualize the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior? An argument for aggressive versus non-aggressive behavioral dimensions","volume":"32","author":"Burt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32333","article-title":"A genome-wide approach to children\u2019s aggressive behavior: The EAGLE consortium","volume":"171","author":"Pappa","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514554421","article-title":"Multiple forms and settings of exposure to violence and values: Unique and interactive relationships with antisocial behavior in adolescence","volume":"30","author":"Bacchini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-012-9832-1","article-title":"Associations of neighborhood and family factors with trajectories of physical and social aggression during adolescence","volume":"42","author":"Karriker-Jaffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21715","article-title":"Child and adolescent risk factors that differentially predict violent versus nonviolent crime","volume":"43","author":"Kalvin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044030","article-title":"Developmental origins of chronic physical aggression: A bio-psycho-social model for the next generation of preventive interventions","volume":"69","author":"Tremblay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, L. A. , & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development (p. 203). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14805-012","DOI":"10.1037\/\/1040-3590.7.3.309"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000577","article-title":"Child personality facets and overreactive parenting as predictors of aggression and rule-breaking trajectories from childhood to adolescence","volume":"28","author":"Becht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5","article-title":"The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models","volume":"8","author":"Enders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x","article-title":"Ontario Child Health Study: Reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device","volume":"27","author":"Byles","year":"1988","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Article","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09718-5","article-title":"Polygenic prediction via Bayesian regression and continuous shrinkage priors","volume":"10","author":"Ge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit","volume":"6","author":"Hooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000199","article-title":"Deconstructing the externalizing spectrum: Growth patterns of overt aggression, covert aggression, oppositional behavior, impulsivity\/inattention, and emotion dysregulation between school entry and early adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01972-z","article-title":"Cohort profile: Quebec longitudinal study of child development (QLSCD)","author":"Orri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2011.08.001","article-title":"Maternal and paternal parenting styles associated with relational aggression in children and adolescents: A conceptual analysis and meta-analytic review","volume":"31","author":"Kawabata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology","author":"Dishion","year":"2016"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2011.0017","article-title":"Interparental conflict styles and parenting behaviors: Associations with overt and relational aggression among chinese children","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2012.12.007","article-title":"Identifying gender-specific developmental trajectories of nonviolent and violent delinquency from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"36","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818803652","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of physical aggression and nonaggressive rule-breaking during late childhood and early adolescence","volume":"46","author":"Givens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-9001-z","article-title":"The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: A nation wide longitudinal study of Canadian children","volume":"34","author":"C\u00f4t\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2544","article-title":"Validating, augmenting and refining genome-wide association signals","volume":"10","author":"Ioannidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Genetics"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12966","article-title":"Violence exposure in an urban city: A GxE interaction with aggressive and impulsive behaviors","volume":"60","author":"Musci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02171-2","article-title":"Co-developmental trajectories of aggression and rule-breaking from middle childhood to early adolescence: Individual and environmental predictors","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21989","article-title":"Children\u2019s emotion recognition and aggression: A multi-cohort longitudinal study","volume":"47","author":"Acland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aggressive Behavior"},{"key":"S095457942400004X_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614534211","article-title":"Polygenic risk for externalizing disorders: Gene-by-development and gene-by-environment effects in adolescents and young adults","volume":"3","author":"Salvatore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S095457942400004X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T11:29:18Z","timestamp":1742556558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S095457942400004X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S095457942400004X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s095457942400004x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}