{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:39:00Z","timestamp":1787848740721,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both cortical and parasympathetic systems are believed to regulate emotional arousal in the service of healthy development. Systemic coordination, or coupling, between putative regulatory functions begins in early childhood. Yet the degree of coupling between cortical and parasympathetic systems in young children remains unclear, particularly in relation to the development of typical or atypical emotion function. We tested whether cortical (ERN) and parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) markers of regulation were coupled during cognitive challenge in preschoolers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 121). We found no main effect of RSA predicting ERN. We then tested children\u2019s typical and atypical emotion behavior (context-appropriate\/context-inappropriate fear, anxiety symptoms, neuroendocrine reactivity) as moderators of early coupling in an effort to link patterns of coupling to adaptive emotional development. Negative coupling (i.e., smaller ERN, more RSA suppression <jats:italic>or<\/jats:italic> larger ERN, less RSA suppression) at age 3 was associated with greater atypical and less typical emotion behaviors, indicative of greater risk. Negative age 3 coupling was also visible for children who had greater Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms and blunted cortisol reactivity at age 5. Results suggest that negative coupling may reflect a maladaptive pattern across regulatory systems that is identifiable during the preschool years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579424000609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T09:17:07Z","timestamp":1710494227000},"page":"766-778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Variation in coupling across neural and cardiac systems of regulation is linked to markers of anxiety risk in preschool"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7123-6075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah G.","family":"Peoples","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0098-0961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Brooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.11.018"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref19","unstructured":"Calkins, S. D. , & Williford, A. P. (2009). Taming the terrible twos: Self-regulation and school readiness. In O. A. Barbarin & B. H. Wasik (Eds.), Handbook of child development and early education: Research to practice (pp. 172\u2013198). The Guilford Press."},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20020"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101184"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12494"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref38","first-page":"491","article-title":"Reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system to stressors in normal infants and children","volume":"90","author":"Gunnar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref51","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Handbook of affective sciences","author":"Levenson","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref85","volume-title":"Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions","author":"Aiken","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200301000-00008"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref32","first-page":"300","article-title":"How does reactivity to frustrative non-reward increase risk for externalizing symptoms?","volume":"98","author":"Gatzke-Kopp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychophysiological Science and the Research Domain Criteria"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12058"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000502"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.12.003"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref83","article-title":"Are fearful boys at higher risk for anxiety? Person-centered profiles of toddler fearful behavior predict anxious behaviors at age 6","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00630.x"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073913512003"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.05.001"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref15","volume-title":"Manual and normative data for the laboratory temperament assessment battery\u2014Toddler version","author":"Buss","year":"2000"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1165280"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref7","first-page":"137","article-title":"Conducting event-related potential (ERP) research with young children","volume":"1-22","author":"Brooker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000311"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00582"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579402003012"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2017.02.006"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00459"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref43","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.09.003"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579419000518"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2013.826661"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000894"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(96)90209-X"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21926"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.02.010"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12509"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.18.2.199"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2011.21635"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.09.009"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260045837"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref1","volume-title":"The anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-5-child and parent versions","author":"Albano","year":"2016"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.08.014"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.08.001"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.3.343"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017405"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413488889"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref60","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables, user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1987.tb01552.x"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21602"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.76.s2.17"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13066"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90062-9"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00108-7"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(03)00156-2"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21605"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref29","volume-title":"Applied missing data analysis","author":"Enders","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13568"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.769170"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208243109"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.1.54"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12784"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003066"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.688"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2014.02.001"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01982.x"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(92)90066-U"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21481"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457941100037X"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20432"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.08.011"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0132-7"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2009.00848.x"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90135-9"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00088"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref64","first-page":"767","article-title":"On the number of trials necessary for stabilization of error-related brain activity across the life span","volume":"47","author":"Pontifex","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415611601"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023227"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000354347"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.01.017"},{"key":"S0954579424000609_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03198.x"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579424000609","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T15:06:16Z","timestamp":1744124776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579424000609\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579424000609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579424000609","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}