{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:09:50Z","timestamp":1789146590930,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited data exists on the role of attachment in influencing the development and wellbeing of refugee children. Herein we describe patterning and correlates of attachment in an Australian sample of adolescent Tamil refugees. Sixty-eight adolescents, aged 10\u201318, were assessed for trauma exposure, mental health problems and pattern of attachment. Attachment representations were assessed by discourse analysis of structured attachment interviews. Mothers of the adolescents were assessed for post-migration family stressors, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using self-report measures. Inhbitory A and A+ patterns of attachment predominated. Attachment insecurity was associated with child trauma exposure (\u03b2 = .417), post-migration family stressors (\u03b2 = .297) and maternal PTSD (\u03b2 = .409). Path modeling demonstrated that attachment insecurity mediated associations of child trauma exposure, family stressors and maternal PTSD with child mental health problems, the model yielding adequate fit (Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = .957; standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = .066; <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> .449). Our cross-sectional findings suggest that compromised attachment security is one potential mechanism by which the adverse effects of refugee family trauma and adversity are transmitted to children. Resettlement policy and psychosocial services should aim to preserve and\/or reestablish attachment security in child-caregiver relationships through policy that reduces family stressors and interventions that bolster parental mental health and caregiver sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579424001445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T01:27:53Z","timestamp":1731979673000},"page":"1877-1888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["When all is at sea: Attachment insecurity as a mediator of risk in Tamil asylum-seeking children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2164-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lux","family":"Ratnamohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales"},{"name":"Sydney University"},{"name":"Sydney Local Health District"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Health, University of Sydney"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick","family":"Silove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Mares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalini","family":"Krishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhiravi","family":"Thambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crittenden, P. M. (1999). Danger and development: The organization of self-protective strategies. In Monographs of the society for research in child development (pp. 145\u2013171).","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5834.00037"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref23","unstructured":"Crittenden, P. Transition to Adulthood Attachment Interview (TAAI). Unpublished manuscript, Miami, FL, USA (2005)."},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23479"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2015.1124442"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032102"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref61","unstructured":"Mesman, J. , Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. , & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2016). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 852\u2013877)."},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref66","volume-title":"Attachment and the refugee family: A conceptual and empirical exploration of attachment in Tamil asylum-seeking children and families","author":"Ratnamohan","year":"2023"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199904000-00002"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00181-R"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1993.11024624"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41134-016-0013-0"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104515591227"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104517692850"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30107-0"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461517737198"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21820"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568219828804"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref45","unstructured":"Hesse, E. (1999). The adult attachment interview: Historical and current perspectives. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (Vol. 2)."},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21820"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v53i2.232"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2020.1868965"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref84","volume-title":"In my mother\u2019s house: Civil war in Sri Lanka","author":"Thiranagama","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2017.1421979"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref21","volume-title":"Assessing adult attachment: A dynamic-maturational approach to discourse analysis","author":"Crittenden","year":"2011"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2014.883636"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.10.002"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrs\/fej003"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01867.x"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400000110"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref29","first-page":"233","article-title":"From symptom to context: A review of the literature on refugee children\u2019s mental health","volume":"4","author":"De Haene","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hellenic Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.534"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534765610395664"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674221148399"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104515589641"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620920725"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730500365928"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01332.x"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0355(199623)17:3<183::AID-IMHJ1>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17082873"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.192"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1369-5_7"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e3182361e12"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.932"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730010024771"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15313204.2018.1555499"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250042000366"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref12","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Trauma and loss: Key texts from the john bowlby archive","author":"Bowlby","year":"1939-1942"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.02.002"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104519882758"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref59","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Affective development in infancy","author":"Main","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416631432"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref31","unstructured":"Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Australian Government. Illegal maritime arrivals on bridging Visa E 2016. https:\/\/www.homeaffairs.gov.au\/research-and-statistics\/statistics\/visa-statistics\/live\/onshore-processing."},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9507.00114"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref24","first-page":"522","article-title":"Australian exceptionalism: Temporary protection and the rights of refugees","volume":"16","author":"Crock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Melbourne Journal of International Law"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref87","unstructured":"UNHCR. (2011). Report of the Secretary-General\u2019s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka."},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.02.001"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2016.1148748"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003337"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref39","unstructured":"George, C. , Kaplan, N. , & Main, M. Adult attachment interview, 1996."},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104510364315"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025408090969"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger","author":"Bowlby","year":"1973"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.12.004"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref52","first-page":"102","volume-title":"The Routledge handbook of attachment: Assessment","author":"Kozlowska","year":"2014"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104515589640"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616731003759732"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref3","unstructured":"Ainsworth, M. S. SRCD oral history interview\u2014Mary Ainsworth [Interview], 1998. http:\/\/srcd.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ainsworth_mary_interview.pdf."},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20100"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref38","volume-title":"War and children","author":"Freud","year":"1943"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.x"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med-psych\/9780198842064.001.0001"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20438"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref85","unstructured":"UNHCR (2018). Fact sheet on the protection of Australia\u2019s so-called \u201cLegacy Caseload\u201d asylum-seekers. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/en-au\/publications\/legal\/5ac5790a7\/the-protection-of-australias-so-called-legacy-caseload-asylum-seekers.html"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref86","volume-title":"People forced to flee : History, change and challenge","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2004.00027.x"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00223433231185169"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref44","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000134"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsab077"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref37","first-page":"178","article-title":"Commentary on \u201cLetters from Ainsworth: Contesting the \u2018organization\u2019of attachment\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Fonagy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000516"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12228"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21324"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000276502"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000029"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/136346150003700308"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2015.1113305"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104517746453"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb09984.x"},{"key":"S0954579424001445_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104509356741"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579424001445","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T03:51:32Z","timestamp":1757044292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579424001445\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579424001445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579424001445","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}