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The objective was to determine the extent to which PNMS influences the severity and trajectory of autistic-like traits in prenatally flood-exposed children at ages 4\u20137 years and to test moderation by sex and gestational timing. Soon after the June 2008 floods in Iowa, USA, 268 women pregnant during the disaster were assessed for objective hardship, subjective distress, and cognitive appraisal of the experience. When their children were 4, 5\u00bd, and 7 years old, mothers completed the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) to assess their children\u2019s autistic-like traits; 137 mothers completed the SCQ for at least one age. The final longitudinal multilevel model showed that the greater the maternal subjective distress, the more severe the child\u2019s autistic-like traits, controlling for objective hardship. The effect of PNMS on rate of change was not significant, and there were no significant main effects or interactions involving sex or timing. Prenatal maternal subjective distress, but not objective hardship or cognitive appraisal, predicted more severe autistic-like traits at age 4, and this effect remained stable through age 7.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579424001494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T05:37:20Z","timestamp":1730266640000},"page":"1941-1953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prenatal maternal subjective distress predicts higher autistic-like traits in offspring: The Iowa Flood Study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4043-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myl\u00e8ne","family":"Lapierre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Elgbeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglas Mental Health University Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Laplante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research \u2013 Jewish General Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"D\u2019Antono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"},{"name":"Montreal Heart Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3055-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglas Mental Health University Institute"},{"name":"McGill University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579424001494_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.06.004"},{"key":"S0954579424001494_ref67","unstructured":"WHO, W. 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