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A multilevel meta-analysis was conducted on 101 independent studies reporting 333 effect sizes (N = 132,341; Mage = 24.65; 43.80%males). Results showed significantly positive correlations between CM + ST and DU (range from 0.109 to 0.185). The results of the subgroup analysis revealed notable disparities in the correlations between distinct CM subtypes and DU (F = 5.358,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.01). Specifically, the effect size for childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was significantly lower than childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) and childhood physical maltreatment (CPM), while no significant difference was noted between the CEM and CPM groups. These effect sizes also varied across regions, drug types, gender, detection rate of CM, the presence or absence of alcohol in substances, publication status and measurement method. The significant yet differing correlations between different subtypes of CM and DU to some extent support the principle of equality in psychopathology. These findings help explain the relationship between CM + ST and DU laying the groundwork for further research into the intricate and complex associations between CM and DU.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095457942500029x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T04:29:21Z","timestamp":1747283361000},"page":"2575-2589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The association between childhood maltreatment and drug use: A systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8299-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest University"},{"name":"Chengdu Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualing","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honghe University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-4601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095457942500029X_ref10","first-page":"162","article-title":"The impact of drug policy liberalisation on willingness to seek help for problem drug use: A comparison of 20 countries","volume":"56","author":"Benfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Drug Policy, and Masking Behavior in Adult Autism. 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