{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:06:42Z","timestamp":1768608402705,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Childhood maltreatment is a key risk factor for conduct disorder (CD), and the \u201cecophenotype hypothesis\u201d suggests that maltreatment-related versus non-maltreatment-related CD are neurobiologically distinct. This may explain inconsistent findings in previous structural connectivity studies of CD. We tested this hypothesis by comparing youth with CD with (CD\/+) versus without (CD\/\u2212) childhood physical or sexual abuse in white-matter microstructure. Diffusion tensor imaging data were collected from 100 CD and 169 control participants aged 9\u201318 years. Using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, we compared the CD and control groups in fractional anisotropy, and axial, radial and mean diffusivity, then compared the CD\/+ (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 39) and CD\/\u2212 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 61) subgroups and controls. The combined CD group had higher fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum than controls. When divided by abuse history, only the CD\/\u2212 subgroup exhibited higher corpus callosum fractional anisotropy than controls; the CD\/+ subgroup did not differ from controls. Comparing the CD subgroups, the CD\/+ subgroup displayed higher superior longitudinal fasciculus axial diffusivity than the CD\/\u2212 subgroup. Notably, sex-stratified analyses yielded different findings in all-male and all-female samples. Findings support the ecophenotype hypothesis, demonstrating microstructural differences between the CD\/+ and CD\/\u2212 subgroups and emphasizing the importance of considering abuse\/maltreatment (and sex) in future studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579425000367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T04:55:55Z","timestamp":1748235355000},"page":"211-225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testing the ecophenotype hypothesis: Differences in white matter microstructure in youth with conduct disorder with versus without a history of childhood abuse"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3731-2619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Townend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Staginnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham"},{"name":"University of Birmingham"},{"name":"University of Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areti","family":"Smaragdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University"},{"name":"Fresenius University of Applied Sciences"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anka","family":"Bernhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University"},{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora Maria","family":"Raschle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zurich"},{"name":"University and ETH Zurich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor","family":"Kohls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUD Dresden University of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RWTH Aachen"},{"name":"RWTH Aachen and Research Centre Juelich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Basel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goethe University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephane A.","family":"De Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham"},{"name":"University of Birmingham"},{"name":"University of Birmingham"},{"name":"University of Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Fairchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bath"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.133"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.145"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220174"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.06.022"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1340.034"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155475"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718003951"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref94","article-title":"Testing the Ecophenotype Model: Cortical structure alterations in Conduct Disorder with versus without childhood maltreatment","author":"Staginnus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.004"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01260-7"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.104.007625"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00031"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.794618"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq2591"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13837"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.022"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00329"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200116X"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.08.005"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref11","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0095-y"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048789"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.216"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.009"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014526068"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0375-5"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838019869094"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.07.023"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721416655883"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.09.012"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400007318"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579423000718"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01367-9"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.060"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.11.003"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1172-6"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02001-0"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270481"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.3194"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0188-22.2022"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2011.06.001"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-021-00499-4"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.049"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.07.009"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reduced white matter integrity in antisocial personality disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.02.019"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.06.016"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.01.005"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22044"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000506"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.09.015"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.12.015"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104181"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsae006"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005501003"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.12.035"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199541164.001.0001"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby062"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181dcaa8b"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref109","volume-title":"Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fourth edition (WISC-IV)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2003"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-009-9324-6"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref108","volume-title":"Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence (WASI)","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.06.005"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.081"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.01.006"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.12.006"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.8.1223"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00092"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.01.014"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.45"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04492-9"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15081089"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-015-9315-8"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-023-10060-9"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070957"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191106287354"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.111"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.12.2072"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120208"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.094"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.170241"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00424"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2007.05.011"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.047"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.11.1134"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12850"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.013"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01697-z"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00045-1"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.10.010"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.04.018"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0631-x"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.003"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21592"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105066"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp122"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2423"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.04.018"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt094"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10040567"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref114","first-page":"673165","article-title":"Sex differences of uncinate fasciculus structural connectivity in individuals with conduct disorder","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000115"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.709"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.019"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079020"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref5","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Psychopaths: Current international perspectives","author":"Andershed","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045005"},{"key":"S0954579425000367_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02271.x"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579425000367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:39:30Z","timestamp":1768567170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579425000367\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579425000367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579425000367","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}