{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:36:33Z","timestamp":1793255793554,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/tdm\/tdmrep-policy.json"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Threat sensitivity, an individual difference construct reflecting variation in responsiveness to threats of various types, predicts physiological reactivity to aversive stimuli and shares heritable variance with anxiety disorders in adults. However, no research has been conducted yet with youth to examine the heritability of threat sensitivity or evaluate the role of genetic versus environmental influences in its relations with mental health problems. The current study addressed this gap by evaluating the psychometric properties of a measure of this construct, the 20-item Trait Fear scale (TF-20), and examining its phenotypic and genotypic correlations with different forms of psychopathology in a sample of 346 twin pairs (121 monozygotic), aged 9\u201314 years. Analyses revealed high internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the TF-20. Evidence was also found for its convergent and discriminant validity in terms of phenotypic and genotypic correlations with measures of fear-related psychopathology. By contrast, the TF-20\u2019s associations with depressive conditions were largely attributable to environmental influences. Extending prior work with adults, current study findings provide support for threat sensitivity as a genetically-influenced liability for phobic fear disorders in youth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579425000380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T01:51:04Z","timestamp":1751421064000},"page":"2661-2671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dispositional threat sensitivity as a liability for fear-related pathologies: Evidence from a child-aged twin sample"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Chelsea K.","family":"Sawyers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlee A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State University of New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1794-1969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Patrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Yancey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Brotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Leibenluft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxann","family":"Roberson-Nay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota\u2013Twin Cities"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Hettema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.33.2.228"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref32","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115570110"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081219-093304"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref40","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2015"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-8018-2"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref8","first-page":"67","volume-title":"The Study of Temperament: Changes, Continuities and Challenges","author":"Buss","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.655"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002194"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref44","first-page":"681","volume-title":"Anxiety and the anxiety disorders","author":"Tellegen","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191119837613"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.1.222"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2008.04.002"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2022.102004"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.014"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0316-z"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.08.004"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(83)90087-6"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref56","first-page":"980","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children\u2013present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref9","volume-title":"Temperament: Early developing personality traits","author":"Buss","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716640757"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref54","first-page":"549","article-title":"Boldness moderates cognitive performance under acute threat: Evidence from a task-switching paradigm involving cueing for shock","volume":"48","author":"Yancey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200147X"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)56001-7"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2016.59"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-072720-012851"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22656"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1965.tb01824.x"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000069"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2020.1814311"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref5","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A replication study","volume":"38","author":"Birmaher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015702"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2002_7"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M. , & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles: Child behavior checklist for ages 6-18, teacher\u2019s report form, youth self-report: An integrated system of multi-informant assessment. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.","DOI":"10.1037\/t47452-000"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-014-9654-x"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619856342"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170048007"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017222"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref2","first-page":"237","article-title":"The development of a questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Angold","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref53","first-page":"758","article-title":"Boldness moderates the effects of external threat on performance within a task-switching paradigm","volume":"45","author":"Yancey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00751.x"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.921"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-018-9942-y"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02561.x"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12512"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23024"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.522"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000017"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.125"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.09.011"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-014-9435-8"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131931"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412000533"},{"key":"S0954579425000380_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4076-8_13"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579425000380","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579425000380","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:25:22Z","timestamp":1793255122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579425000380\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0954579425000380"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579425000380","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}