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However, empirical work in this area is limited by cross-sectional study designs, short follow-up durations, and data analytic techniques that fail to capture the nuanced developmental processes through which caregivers and children impact one another. The present study investigated the cross-lagged and bidirectional pathways between maternal childhood victimization, depression, harsh parenting, and their children\u2019s externalizing symptoms over a 10-year period. Participants were 818 mother-child dyads prospectively identified as at-risk for family violence when children were four years old. Traditional cross-lagged panel modeling (CLPM) and random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM) documented that maternal depression, harsh parenting, and child externalizing problems \u2014 all predicted by mothers\u2019 early abuse experiences \u2014 exacerbated one another across time. Discrepancies between the CLPM and RI-CLPM highlighted the advantages, disadvantages, and methodological implications of each approach. Findings highlight maternal psychopathology and parenting as key mechanisms in the intergenerational impact of abuse, emphasizing the importance of trauma-informed, parent-mediated interventions for breaking long-term cycles of family dysfunction. The present findings support separating out between-person, trait-like components when interpreting cross-lagged associations, as these may confound within-person effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579425000392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T06:42:48Z","timestamp":1747118568000},"page":"187-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of maternal childhood victimization on depression, harsh parenting, and child externalizing problems over 10 years"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2906-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Morelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajung","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Tabibian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubi","family":"Alvarez-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8968-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Gusman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2815-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Villodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9670-3"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref48","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2017"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref15","volume-title":"Applied missing data anslysis","author":"Enders","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/6f85c"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000222"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220174"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3736"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000516"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000181047.59702.58"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.180752"},{"key":"S0954579425000392_ref16","unstructured":"English, D. 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