{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:59:46Z","timestamp":1790935186681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Young children who experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rely heavily on caregivers for emotional support. Yet, caregivers who are overwhelmed (or \u201cflooded\u201d) by children\u2019s emotional expressions may not provide effective responses, particularly if they also engage in parent-to-child aggression (PCA). Over 12 months, partnered caregivers (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 448,\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    age = 33.80, 52.5% female, 62.7% non-Hispanic White) of a child age 3\u20135 years who was eligible for Head Start completed surveys and interviews to assess parental emotional flooding, PCA, and children\u2019s trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Most children (89%) were exposed to potentially traumatic events, including 74% during the study. Male caregivers\u2019 emotional flooding predicted maintenance of children\u2019s PTSD symptoms over time, regardless of the degree of PCA engaged in. Female caregivers\u2019 emotional flooding predicted maintenance of children\u2019s PTSD symptoms only among those who engaged in high levels of PCA. Caregivers\u2019 experience of emotional flooding may impact children in ways that maintain their PTSD symptoms, including modeling of ineffective emotion regulatory processes or children\u2019s internalization of emotions to avoid negative parenting behaviors. Even at low levels of PCA, men\u2019s emotional flooding may be impactful, potentially via parental withdrawal. Interventions addressing caregivers\u2019 distress when managing children\u2019s PTSD-related emotions are indicated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579426101709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T09:03:51Z","timestamp":1783587831000},"page":"1854-1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Change in preschoolers\u2019 PTSD symptom severity predicted by caregivers\u2019 emotional flooding and aggression"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Her","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8101-3668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy D.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02smfhw86","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579426101709_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.07.005"},{"key":"S0954579426101709_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.09.018"},{"key":"S0954579426101709_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X12440949"},{"key":"S0954579426101709_ref74","unstructured":"Slep, A. 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