{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:59:55Z","timestamp":1790935195047,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We investigated longitudinal associations between adolescent attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and later antisocial behavior and tested 1) whether these associations are independent of familial factors shared by co-twins and 2) whether cognitive performance moderates the associations. In a population-based sample of Finnish twins (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 602\u20131330, 53% female), we assessed ADHD symptoms with teacher assessments and a diagnostic interview in adolescence, symptoms of antisocial personality disorder with a diagnostic interview in young adulthood, and criminal behavior across the lifespan with self-reports in early midlife. Cognitive performance was assessed with commonly used test measures in young adulthood. Adolescent ADHD symptoms were consistently associated with an increased risk for antisocial symptoms (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.18\u20131.27) and criminal behavior (IRR = 1.16\u20131.20) later in life. Within-pair and interaction analyses suggested that the associations were to a large degree independent of familial factors, and cognitive performance level did not moderate them. In conclusion, subclinical ADHD symptoms are associated with an increased risk for antisocial behavior at the population level. The association is not fully explained by familial background, and it is independent of cognitive performance level.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s095457942610176x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T09:41:03Z","timestamp":1785145263000},"page":"1987-1999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Symptoms of ADHD, antisocial behavior, and cognitive performance: A longitudinal twin study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5282-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"Ketvel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040af2s02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Helsinki"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e8hzf44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"HUS Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"Rapeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e8hzf44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"HUS Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Raevuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Sotaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e8hzf44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"HUS Helsinki University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Pulkkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Vuoksimaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Aaltonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5504-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers The State University of New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Latvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref44","first-page":"241","article-title":"Diagnosis of twin zygosity by mailed questionnaire","volume":"28","author":"Sarna","year":"1978","journal-title":"Source: Human Heredity"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713512150"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.003"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1203241"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.014"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.04.023"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062594"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt221"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137475"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-024-10212-y"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000983"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579425100515"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2003.09.003"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065819"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12485"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref29","unstructured":"Lezak, M. D. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment."},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-018-0439-1"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2015-5007"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000743"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-015-9741-7"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.05.002"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0263-0"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref37","first-page":"1134","article-title":"Symptoms of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit\/Hyperactivity disorder, and callous-unemotional traits as unique predictors of psychosocial maladjustment in boys: Advancing an evidence base for DSM-V","volume":"49","author":"Pardini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1993"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000733"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0551-x"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2021.21"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-024-01168-y"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref52","volume-title":"WAIS-R manual: Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised","author":"Wechsler","year":"1981"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.012"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.2.4.274"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.83"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12307"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.02.003"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206442"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412993869"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211033900"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2024.102408"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041783"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0044509"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01793-3"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000966"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref14","first-page":"841","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of attention-deficit\/ hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Erskine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610383511"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref11","first-page":"301","article-title":"Associations between a genetic liability toward externalizing and behavioral outcomes spanning toddlerhood through early adulthood in five developmental cohorts","volume":"65","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2015.06.001"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2020.1730425"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref53","first-page":"e083658","article-title":"ADHD drug treatment and risk of suicidal behaviours, substance misuse, accidental injuries, transport accidents, and criminality: Emulation of target trials","volume":"390","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Research ed.)"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01698-y"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN2001_5"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11040071"},{"key":"S095457942610176X_ref7","first-page":"1682","article-title":"Correspondence between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"36","author":"Biederman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S095457942610176X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:47:28Z","timestamp":1790934448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S095457942610176X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S095457942610176X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s095457942610176x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}