{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:55:50Z","timestamp":1791262550428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Internalizing problems are prevalent in childhood and are associated with exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs); however, their co-development across childhood remains understudied. Prior research documents sociodemographic disparities (i.e., race\/ethnicity, sex, income) in ACE exposure and internalizing problems. The current study examined individual and co-developing trajectories of ACEs and internalizing problems and sociodemographic disparities among 4,655 diverse at-risk youth at ages 3, 5, and 9. Participants were 52.2% boys and racially and ethnically diverse, with 44.7% Black, 22.5% Hispanic, 16.7% Other, and 16.2% White youth. Results showed various trajectories with stable levels of cumulative ACE exposure over time and internalizing problems trajectories that decreased or increased over time. Findings provide some evidence for a dose\u2013response relationship between ACEs and internalizing problems. Youth of Color (\u03c6 = 0.26, 0.11, 0.19) and from low-income backgrounds (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03f5<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 0.07\u20130.09, 0.02, 0.06\u20130.08) were more likely to be in worse trajectories of ACEs, internalizing problems, and joint trajectories across ages 3, 5, and 9, respectively. Findings underscore the need for culturally responsive trauma-informed interventions and policy-level efforts that target the root cause of inequities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579426101965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:38:00Z","timestamp":1791261480000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The longitudinal co-development of adverse childhood experiences and child internalizing problems: Examining sociodemographic disparities"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Navarro Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00xzqjh13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"The University of Tennessee Knoxville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie M.","family":"Domenech Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenna","family":"Gomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyson S.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Highmark Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyojun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Tehee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579426101965_ref3","volume-title":"Manual for the young adult self-report and young adult behavior checklist","author":"Achenbach","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0954579426101965_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418000214"},{"key":"S0954579426101965_ref2","volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist \/ 2-3 and 1992 profile","author":"Achenbach","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0954579426101965_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9"},{"key":"S0954579426101965_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.001"},{"key":"S0954579426101965_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104890"},{"key":"S0954579426101965_ref1","volume-title":"Manual for the child behavior checklist\/4-18 and 1991 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WHO guidelines on parenting interventions to prevent maltreatment and enhance parent\u2013child relationships with children aged 0-17 years. 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Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}