{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:45:31Z","timestamp":1791888331044,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dev Psychopathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Attention problems (AP) remain relatively stable across childhood and adolescence, but shift in adulthood, with declining hyperactivity but persisting impulsivity. This pattern suggests that adult AP reflect both continuity of earlier symptoms and changes in their underlying expression. We used longitudinal twin data (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 944, 474 females, 470 males; 91.9% White) to examine continuity of AP from childhood (ages 7\u201314) and adolescence (age 17) to adulthood (age 29), and whether impulsivity in adolescence (age 16) and adulthood (age 29) explains unique variance in adult AP beyond earlier AP. Childhood and adolescent AP significantly correlated with adult AP (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    s = .15\u2013.31), indicating moderate developmental continuity; however, adult impulsivity uniquely predicted adult AP (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.43) beyond earlier AP and adolescent impulsivity. Twin models suggested that adult AP reflected both continuity of earlier genetic influences and novel genetic influences (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0.29\u20130.62), whereas nonshared environmental influences showed minimal continuity across time (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                    = \u22120.06\u20130.08). The partial association between adult impulsivity and adult AP, controlling for earlier measures, was primarily driven by nonshared environmental influences (89.1%) in adulthood, with smaller genetic overlap (10.9%). These findings indicate that adult AP reflect both stable developmental liability and adult-specific influences, and identify impulsivity as an important component of adult AP.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0954579426101989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:52:07Z","timestamp":1791885127000},"page":"1-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stability and change in attention problems across development: The emerging role of impulsivity in adulthood in a longitudinal twin study"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6357-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe A.","family":"McGhee-Deakin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Gustavson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra A.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik G.","family":"Willcutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi P.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ttsq026","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Colorado Boulder"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025412444077"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.5.816"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018010"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref31","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change of ADHD symptoms between 8 and 13 years of age: A longitudinal twin study","volume":"43","author":"Larsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1219-8"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30251"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000075"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-018-9942-y"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9771-7"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref26","first-page":"12","article-title":"Genetic and environmental stability in attention problems across the lifespan: Evidence from the Netherlands twin register","volume":"52","author":"Kan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t05890-000"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0194-0"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-020-00698-5"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref46","first-page":"28","article-title":"NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses","volume":"39","author":"Shaffer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721000349"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref22","first-page":"588","article-title":"Genetic influence on parent-reported attention-related problems in a Norwegian general population twin sample","volume":"35","author":"Gjone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026231207845"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-016-0188-3"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01997.x"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-010-9451-9"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13113"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2019.50"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-011-9518-6"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.138"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref8","volume-title":"Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective","author":"Bollen","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30190-0"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027347"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1987.tb01765.x"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010621"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2016-102415"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref6","first-page":"343","article-title":"Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: Results from a four-year prospective follow-up study","volume":"35","author":"Biederman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref1","unstructured":"Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the teacher\u2019s report form and 1991 profile. Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Vermont. https:\/\/cir.nii.ac.jp\/crid\/1130000795067127808"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025681223921"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02379.x"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0469"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32335"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2272(200001)18:1<1::AID-GEPI1>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691615617439"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00247.x"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615618664"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.11.6.579"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0135-8"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713002493"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.287"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-011-9217-x"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref5","volume-title":"ADHD in adults: What the science says","author":"Barkley","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0070-0"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000572"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00064-7"},{"key":"S0954579426101989_ref11","volume-title":"Temperament: Early developing personality traits","author":"Buss","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Development and Psychopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0954579426101989","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T09:52:11Z","timestamp":1791885131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0954579426101989\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0954579426101989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579426101989","relation":{},"ISSN":["0954-5794","1469-2198"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0954-5794","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-2198","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}