{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:41:38Z","timestamp":1761198098147},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Camb Q Healthc Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Organ donation after brain death has been practiced in China since 2003 in the absence of brain death legislation. Similar to international standards, China\u2019s brain death diagnostic criteria include coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, and the lack of spontaneous respiration. The Chinese criteria require that the lack of spontaneous respiration must be verified with an apnea test by disconnecting the ventilator for 8\u00a0min to provoke spontaneous respiration. However, we have found publications in Chinese medical journals, in which the donors were declared to be brain dead, yet without an apnea test. The organ procurement procedures started with initiating \u201cintratracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation after brain death,\u201d indicating that a brain death diagnosis was not performed. The purpose of the intubation was not to resuscitate the patient but rather was directly related to facilitating the explantation of organs. Moreover, it was unmistakably stated in two of these publications that the cardiac arrest was induced in these patients without brain death determination by cold St. Thomas cardioplegic solution or other cold myocardial protection solutions. This means that the condition of these donors neither met the criteria of brain death nor that of cardiac death. In other words, the \u201cdonor organs\u201d may well have been procured in these cases from living human beings. Thus, brain death definition is abused in China by some individuals for organ harvesting, and a systematic investigation is needed to clarify the situation of organ donation after brain death in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0963180121001067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T09:02:20Z","timestamp":1659085340000},"page":"379-385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cases Abusing Brain Death Definition in Organ Procurement in China"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Norbert W.","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirk C.","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huige","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref13","first-page":"1723","article-title":"Brain death pronouncement and practice, 1 case","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (National Medical Journal of China)"},{"volume-title":"Replacement Parts: The Ethics of Procuring and Replacing Organs in Humans","year":"2015","author":"Caplan","key":"S0963180121001067_ref2"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058155"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref20","first-page":"17","article-title":"HTK solution applied for donor heart preservation in 5 cases of transplantation","volume":"2005","author":"J-h","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Southeast China National Defence Medical Science"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24069"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref18","first-page":"699","article-title":"A case of donor heart\u2013lung preservation for transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Heart Journal"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20132199","article-title":"Criteria and practical guidance for determination of brain death in adults (BQCC version)","volume":"126","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref7","first-page":"2199","article-title":"Donation after cardiac death: Respecting patient autonomy and guaranteeing donation with guidance from Oregon\u2019s Death with Dignity Act","volume":"75","author":"Cerutti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Albany Law Review"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref19","first-page":"168","article-title":"Intraoperative cooperation for orthotopic combined heart\u2013lung transplantation","volume":"2008","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Nursing"},{"key":"S0963180121001067_ref8","first-page":"637","article-title":"Brain death determination criteria and technical specification (for adults; 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