{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:20:23Z","timestamp":1791832823270,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Zygote"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Successful offspring production after intracytoplasmic injection of freeze-dried sperm has been reported in laboratory animals but not in domesticated livestock, including pigs. The integrity of the DNA in the freeze-dried sperm is reported to affect embryogenesis. Release of endonucleases from the sperm is one of the causes of induction of sperm DNA fragmentation. We examined the effects of chelating agents, which inhibit the activation of such enzymes, on DNA fragmentation in freeze-dried sperm and on the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>developmental ability of porcine oocytes following boar sperm head injection. Boar ejaculated sperm were sonicated, suspended in buffer supplemented with (1) 50 mM EGTA, (2) 50 mM EDTA, (3) 10 mM EDTA, or (4) no chelating agent and freeze-dried. A fertilization medium (Pig-FM) was used as a control. The rehydrated spermatozoa in each group were then incubated in Pig-FM at room temperature. The rate of DNA fragmentation in the control group, as assessed by the TUNEL method, increased gradually as time after rehydration elapsed (2.8% at 0 min to 12.2% at 180 min). However, the rates in all experimental groups (1\u20134) did not increase, even at 180 min (0.7\u20134.1%), which were all significantly lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) than that of the control group. The rate of blastocyst formation after the injection in the control group (6.0%) was significantly lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) than those in the 50 mM EGTA (23.1%) and 10 mM EDTA (22.6%) groups incubated for 120\u2013180 min. The average number of blastocyst cells in the 50 mM EGTA group (33.1 cells) was significantly higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) than that in the 10 mM EDTA group (17.8 cells). Finally, we transferred oocytes from 50 mM EGTA or control groups incubated for 0\u201360 min into estrous-synchronized recipients. The two recipients of the control oocytes became pregnant and one miscarried two fetuses on day 39.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The results suggested that fragmentation of DNA in freeze-dried boar sperm is one of the causes of decreased<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>developmental ability of injected oocytes to the blastocyst stage. Supplementation with EGTA in a freeze-drying buffer improves this ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0967199406003935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,2]],"date-time":"2007-02-02T18:28:57Z","timestamp":1170440937000},"page":"15-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Effects of chelating agents during freeze-drying of boar spermatozoa on DNA fragmentation and on developmental ability<i>in vitro<\/i>and<i>in vivo<\/i>after intracytoplasmic sperm head injection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Nakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kashiwazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Takizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Maedomari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Noguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Shino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0967199406003935_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.009506"},{"key":"S0967199406003935_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0798-639"},{"key":"S0967199406003935_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241517598"},{"key":"S0967199406003935_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1230507"},{"key":"S0967199406003935_ref40","first-page":"261","article-title":"Deep freezing of boar semen: laboratory findings and insemination results with the Hulsenberger Pailleten technique","volume":"82","author":"Westendorf","year":"1975","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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