{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:01:19Z","timestamp":1787166079427,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1918,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["intpsychogeriatrics.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Psychogeriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1017\/s1041610219001066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,28]],"date-time":"2019-08-28T04:27:14Z","timestamp":1566966434000},"page":"1421-1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Independent and joint effects of vascular and cardiometabolic risk factor pairs for risk of all-cause dementia: a prospective population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3016-1951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. Elizabeth","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Chou H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Ganguli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.631","article-title":"Heart failure and risk of dementia: a Danish nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Adelborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-7835-x","article-title":"Calculating measures of biological interaction","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.07.755","article-title":"Concomitant vascular and neurodegenerative pathologies double the risk of dementia","volume":"14","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.016","article-title":"Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: A population-based perspective","volume":"11","author":"Baumgart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0035","first-page":"245","article-title":"Clinical Application of APOE in Alzheimer\u2019s Prevention: A Precision Medicine Approach","volume":"5","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.11.059","article-title":"Factors associated with decreased cerebral blood flow in congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"97","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"The American Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036828","article-title":"Hypertension moderates the effect of APOE on 21-year cognitive trajectories","volume":"29","author":"de Frias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000125859.71051.83","article-title":"Interaction between hypertension, apoE, and cerebral white matter lesions","volume":"35","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118307","article-title":"Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies","volume":"202","author":"Diniz","year":"2013","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410397054","article-title":"The aging hippocampus: interactions between exercise, depression, and BDNF","volume":"18","author":"Erickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f88359","article-title":"Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"75","author":"Erickson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000239399.85955.5e","article-title":"Cognitive performance in older women relative to ApoE-epsilon4 genotype and aerobic fitness","volume":"39","author":"Etnier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000115","article-title":"Cystatin C as a biomarker for estimating glomerular filtration rate","volume":"24","author":"Ferguson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199500320-00006","article-title":"Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors in a Rural Elderly Population: The MoVIES Project","volume":"3","author":"Ganguli","year":"1995","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.04.004","article-title":"Abeta-independent roles of apolipoprotein E4 in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.11.007","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of cognitive and physical activity on incident MCI","volume":"11","author":"Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.06.011","article-title":"Exercise counteracts declining hippocampal function in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Intlekofer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Disease"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000127810.92616.78","article-title":"Dementia after stroke: the Framingham Study","volume":"35","author":"Ivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2006.03.006","article-title":"The reciprocal risks of stroke and cognitive impairment in an elderly population","volume":"2","author":"Jin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000284609.77385.03","article-title":"Joint effect of stroke and APOE 4 on dementia risk: the Canadian Study of Health and Aging","volume":"70","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0120","series-title":"A population neuroscience approach to the study of cerebral small vessel disease in mid- and late-life: an Invited Review. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology.","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00296.x","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 magnifies lifestyle risks for dementia: a population-based study","volume":"12","author":"Kivipelto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0130","series-title":"Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and Truncated Data","author":"Klein","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000505","article-title":"Presence and progression of white matter hyperintensities and cognition: a meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Kloppenborg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.154","article-title":"Dementia after ischemic stroke: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984)","volume":"46","author":"Kokmen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0145","author":"Larson"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt43","article-title":"Vascular health, diabetes, APOE and dementia: the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study","volume":"2","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Research & Therapy"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12665","article-title":"Impact of cerebral white matter changes on functionality in older adults: an overview of the LADIS Study results and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Pantoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geriatrics & Gerontology International"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1201.100392","article-title":"Joint effect of the APOE gene and midlife systolic blood pressure on late-life cognitive impairment: the Honolulu-Asia aging study","volume":"32","author":"Peila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218000297","article-title":"Cardiovascular health and cognitive function among Mexican older adults: cross-sectional results from the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health","volume":"30","author":"Perales","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14854","article-title":"The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans","volume":"320","author":"Piercy","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.10.1531","article-title":"Cerebral white matter lesions and the risk of dementia","volume":"61","author":"Prins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.9.1003","article-title":"Heart failure and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"166","author":"Qiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0190","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.490334","article-title":"Prestroke cognitive performance, incident stroke, and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study","volume":"39","author":"Reitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.11.007","article-title":"Hippocampal response to a 24-month physical activity intervention in sedentary older adults","volume":"25","author":"Rosano","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.874","article-title":"Reduced regional cerebral blood flow in patients with heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Heart Failure"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132363","article-title":"Heart diseases and long-term risk of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a population-based CAIDE study","volume":"42","author":"Rusanen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs009","article-title":"Multimorbidity in older adults","volume":"35","author":"Salive","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0220","series-title":"The SAS system for Windows","author":"SAS Inst","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.10.008","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia including Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Snyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0230","author":"Therneau"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.506337","article-title":"C-reactive protein and cerebral small-vessel disease: the Rotterdam Scan Study","volume":"112","author":"van Dijk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25071","article-title":"Age, vascular health, and Alzheimer disease biomarkers in an elderly sample","volume":"82","author":"Vemuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10111","article-title":"Homocysteine, silent brain infarcts, and white matter lesions: the Rotterdam Scan Study","volume":"51","author":"Vermeer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.2004","article-title":"Evaluation of the concurrent trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors in the 14 years before dementia","volume":"75","author":"Wagner","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0724-3","article-title":"Defining the relationship between hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: a review","volume":"19","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Hypertension Reports"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2006.01643.x","article-title":"The apoB\/apoA-I ratio: a strong, new risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a target for lipid-lowering therapy--a review of the evidence","volume":"259","author":"Walldius","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0022-x","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with volumetric white matter change in patients with small vessel disease","volume":"253","author":"Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217003076","article-title":"Associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and multidimensional cognitive health among community-dwelling old adults: stratified by educational level","volume":"30","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"10.1017\/S1041610219001066_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.1.53","article-title":"Incidence of dementia in relation to stroke and the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele in the very old. Findings from a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"31","author":"Zhu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["International Psychogeriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1041610224023809?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1041610224023809?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1041610219001066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T16:14:55Z","timestamp":1736439295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1041610224023809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1041610224023809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1041610219001066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1041-6102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1041-6102","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Independent and joint effects of vascular and cardiometabolic risk factor pairs for risk of all-cause dementia: a prospective population-based study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Psychogeriatrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610219001066","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2019 International Psychogeriatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}