{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T07:14:35Z","timestamp":1786950875795,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]],"date-time":"2005-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1113782400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":748,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background:<\/jats:italic> In recent years, the diagnosis of infective endocarditis has been enhanced by the use of echocardiography. We sought, therefore, to review its effect on the management of endocarditis in children. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: We reviewed all the patients presenting to our institution for evaluation for infective endocarditis from May 1994 to January 2002. The patients were stratified according to whether or not they had congenitally malformed hearts. <jats:italic>Results:<\/jats:italic> Of the 90 referred patients identified, 46 (51%) had positive ultrasonic findings. Of these, we excluded 26 patients because of the presence of indwelling lines. The remaining 20 patients with features of endocarditis had a median age of 6.5 years, and a range from 0.14 to 8.5 years. There were 4 patients with normal hearts, and 16 with congenital cardiac malformations. We identified rupture of a sinus of Valsalva in four patients, with rupture into the left ventricle in two, and into the right ventricle and right atrium in one each. The mitral valve was involved in six patients, the aortic valve in another six, including all four with rupture of the sinus of Valsalva, both mitral and aortic valves in three, the pulmonary trunk in three patients, and the tricuspid valve and a Blalock-Taussig shunt in one patient each. Organisms isolated included Streptococcus mitis in 4 patients, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2 patients, Streptococcus sanguis in 1, Staphylococcus aureus in 3, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 1, and Enteroccocus in 2. Cultures proved negative in 7 patients. Surgical intervention was needed in 12 patients, and one died (5%). Only the left-sided chambers were involved in those with normal hearts. Both patients infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae had rupture of a sinus of Valsalva. <jats:italic>Conclusion:<\/jats:italic> Involvement of the left-sided chambers is more likely in structurally normal hearts, and in cases with rupture of a sinus of Valsalva, in which case infection with Streptococcus pneumonia should be suspected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951103000313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]],"date-time":"2005-04-18T07:50:27Z","timestamp":1113810627000},"page":"168-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Echocardiographic presentations of endocarditis, and risk factors for rupture of a sinus of Valsalva in childhood"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Colin J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Ayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo H.","family":"Pignatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Vargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Timothy","family":"Bricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howaida G.","family":"El-Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Reyn CF , Levy BS , Arbeit RD , Friedland G , Crumpacker CS . Infective endocarditis: an analysis based on strict case definitions. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 505\u2013518.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-94-4-505"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sable CA , Rome JJ , Martin GR , Patel KM and Karr SS . Indications for echocardiography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 801\u2013804.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80415-9"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohmann S , Erbel RG , Gorge G , et al. Clinical relevance of vegetation localization by transoesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 446\u2013452.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060195"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah FS , Fennelly G , Weingarten-Arams J , Yang L , Glickstein J . Endocardial abscesses in children: case report and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1478\u20131482.","DOI":"10.1086\/313510"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sholler GF , Hawker RE , Celermajer JM . Infective endocarditis in childhood. Pediatr Cardiol 1986; 6: 183\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310995"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Hare GF , Ben-Shachar G , Liebman J , Boxerbaum B , Riemenschneider TA . Infective endocarditis in infants and children during the past 10 years: a decade of change. Am Heart J 1984; 107: 1235\u20131240.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(84)90283-7"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durack DT , Lukes AS , Bright DK . New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med 1994; 96: 200\u2013209.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(94)90143-0"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stafford WJ , Petch J , Radford DJ . Vegetations in infective endocarditis. Clinical relevance and diagnosis by cross-sectional echocardiography. Br Heart J 1985; 53: 310\u2013313.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.53.3.310"},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref006","unstructured":"Snider AR . Abnormalities within the cardiac chambers, proximal vessels and thorax. In: Snider AR , Serwer GA , Ritter SB (eds). Echocardiography In Pediatric Heart Disease, 2E. 1997, pp 501\u2013504."},{"key":"S1047951103000313_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayliss R , Clarke C , Oakley CM , Somerville W , Whitfield AG , Young SE . The microbiology and pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. Br Heart J 1983; 50: 513\u2013519.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.50.6.513"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951103000313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T18:29:03Z","timestamp":1554402543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951103000313\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951103000313"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951103000313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}