{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:47:28Z","timestamp":1786999648627,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,20]],"date-time":"2005-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1106179200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":354,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The aim of our study is to provide data on the prevalence of disturbances of rhythm in the general population of children. Accurate estimates of true prevalence of such disturbances of rhythm from large samples are mandatory if we are to interpret properly electrocardiographic abnormalities. We analysed prevalence of disturbances of rhythm in a population of 152,322, comprised of 71,855 elementary school students, 36,692 males and 35,163 females, aged from 5 to 6 years, and 80,467 students of junior high school, 41,842 males and 38,625 females, aged from 12 to 13 years. We analysed the prevalence of premature atrial and ventricular contractions, first, second and third degree atrioventricular block, incomplete and complete right bundle branch block, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and prolongation of the QT interval. The prevalence of disturbances of rhythm in total rose with age, being found in 1.25% of elementary school students and 2.32% of junior high school students, and was higher in males than females, at 2.00% as opposed to 1.38%, both values being statistically significant at a level of less than 0.0001. Prevalences of all types of rhythmic disturbances were higher in junior high school students than elementary school students (p\n                    <jats:italic>&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0001). Premature atrial and ventricular contractions and prolongation of the QT interval were higher in female than male students, at percentages of 0.089, 0.497, and 0.02 for males, and 0.123, 0.534 and 0.027 in females (p\n                    <jats:italic>&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0001). In contrast, incomplete and complete right bundle branch blocks were higher in males than females, at 0.983% and 0.083% in males versus 0.410% and 0.161% in females (p\n                    <jats:italic>&lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.0001). Disturbances of rhythm increased with age, and conduction disturbances were higher in male students than female, although premature atrial and ventricular contractions and prolongation of the QT interval were more frequent in female. These data may be useful for future comparative studies of disturbance of rhythm in children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s104795110400112x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,17]],"date-time":"2008-09-17T06:41:57Z","timestamp":1221633717000},"page":"68-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Prevalence of arrhythmias and conduction disturbances in large population-based samples of children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Koichiro","family":"Niwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Warita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Sunami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akimitsu","family":"Shimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Tateno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuo","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vignati G , Balla E , Mauri L , Lunati M , Figini A . Clinical and electrophysiologic evolution of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: impact on approaches to management. Cardiol Young 2000; 10: 367\u2013375.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951100009677"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry JC , Garson A Jr . Supraventricular tachycardia due to Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in children: early disappearance and late recurrence. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 16: 1215\u20131220.","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(90)90555-4"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrainsdottir IS , Hardarson T , Thorgeirsson G , Sigvaldason H , Sigfusson N . The epidemiology of right bundle branch and its association with cardiovascular morbidity \u2013 the Reykjavik Study. Euro Heart J 1993; 14: 1590\u20131596.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/14.12.1590"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrander LD , Brandt RL , Kjelsberg MO , Epstein FH . Electrocardiographic findings among the adult population of a total natural community. Tecumseh, Michigan. Circulation 1965; 31: 888\u2013898.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.31.6.888"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref018","unstructured":"Ross BA , Pinsky WW , Driscoll DJ . Complete atrioventricular block. In: Gillette PC , Garson A (eds). Pediatric Arrhythmias: Electrophysiology and Pacing (1st edn). Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1990, pp 306\u2013316."},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref009","unstructured":"Ookuni M , Harada K , Kitada M , et al. School cardiac screening test. Guideline for selection of second step screening. Pediatr Cardiol Cardiac Surg (in Japanese). 1996; 12: 725\u2013730."},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl W . Effects of gender, age, and heart rate on QT intervals in children. Pediatr Cardiol 1996; 17: 135\u2013136.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02505201"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberle T , Hessling G , Ulmer HE , Brockmeier K . Prediction of normal QT intervals in children. J Electrocardiol 1998; 31: 121\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(98)90303-X"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashley EA , Raxwal VK , Froelicher VF . The prevalence and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic abnormalities. Curr Probl Cardiol 2000; 25: 1\u201372.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-2806(00)70020-X"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagashima M , Matsushima M , Ogawa A , et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in healthy children revealed by 24-hour ambulatory ECG monitoring. Pediatr Cardiol 1987; 8: 103\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02079464"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider JF , Thomas HE , Kreger BE , McNamara PM , Sorlie P , Kannel WB . Newly acquired right branch block: the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 37\u201344.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-1-37"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref007","unstructured":"Tsuda J , Niimura I , Matsuo M . Statistics of arrhythmias in school age. Health guidance of heart disease in childhood (in Japanese). Nihon-Ijishinpo 1982; 3035; 43\u201348."},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bacquer D , De Backer G , Kornitzer M , Blackburn H . Prognostic value of ECG findings for total, cardiovascular disease, and coronary heart disease death in men and women. Heart 1998; 80: 570\u2013577.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.80.6.570"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillette PC . Concealed anomalous cardiac conduction pathways: a frequent cause of supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40: 848\u2013852.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(77)90033-9"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bikkina M , Larson MG , Levy D . Prognostic implications of asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias: the Framingham heart study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 990\u2013996.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-12-990"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munger TM , Packer DL , Hammill SC , et al. A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmstedt Country, Minnesota, 1953\u20131989. Circulation 1993; 87: 866\u2013873.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.3.866"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sano S , Komori S , Amano T , et al. Prevalence of ventricular preexcitation in Japanese school children. Heart 1998; 79: 374\u2013378.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.4.374"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aihoshi S , Yoshinaga M , Nakamura M , Oku S , Haraguchi T , Nishibatake M . Screening for QT prolongation using a new exponential formula. Jpn Circ J 1995; 59: 185\u2013189.","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.59.185"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiss RG , Lamb LE . Electrocardiographic findings in 122,043 individuals. Circulation 1962; 25: 947\u2013961.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.25.6.947"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bacquer D , De Backer G , Kornitzer M . Prevalences of ECG findings in large population based samples of men and women. Heart 2000; 84: 625\u2013633.","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.6.625"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher FD , Tyroler HA . Relationship between premature contractions on routine electrocardiogram and subsequent sudden death from coronary heart disease. Circulation 1973; 47: 712\u2013719.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.47.4.712"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarz PJ , Moss AJ , Vincent GM , Crampton RS . Diagnostic criteria for the long QT syndrome. An update. Circulation 1993; 88: 782\u2013784.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.2.782"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotman M , Triebwasser JH . A clinical and follow-up study of right and left bundle branch block. Circulation 1975; 51: 477\u2013484.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.51.3.477"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackburn H . Electrocardiographic classification for population comparisons. The Minnesota code. J Electrocardiol 1969; 2: 5\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(69)80044-0"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young D , Eisenberg R , Fish B , Fisher JD . Wenchebach atrioventricular block (Mobitz type I) in children and adolescents. Am J Cardiol 1977; 40: 393\u2013399.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(77)90161-8"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackburn H , Keys A , Simonson E , Rautaharju P , Punsar S . The electrocardiogram in population studies. A classification system. Circulation 1960; 21: 1160\u20131175.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.21.6.1160"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukushige T , Yoshinaga M , Shinago A , et al. Effect of age and overweight on the QT interval and the prevalence of long QT syndrome in children. Am J Cardiol 2002; 89: 395\u2013398.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)02259-7"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tasaki H , Hamasaki Y , Ichimaru T . Mass screening for heart disease of school children in Saga city: 7-year follow-up study. Jpn Circ J 1987; 51: 1415\u20131420.","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.51.1415"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mymin D , Mathewson FAL , Tate RB , Manfreda J . The natural history of primary first-degree atrioventricular heart block. New Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1183\u20131187.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611063151902"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein GJ , Hackel DB , Gallagher JJ . Anatomic substrate of impaired antegrade conduction over an accessory atrioventriucular pathway in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation 1980; 61: 1249\u20131256.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.61.6.1249"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz PJ . The long QT syndrome. Curr Probl cardiol 1997; 22: 297\u2013357.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-2806(97)80009-6"},{"key":"S104795110400112X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshinaga M , Tomari T , Aihoshi S , et al. Exponential correction of QT interval to minimize the effect of the heart rate in children. Jpn Circ J 1993; 57: 102\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.57.102"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S104795110400112X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,7]],"date-time":"2019-04-07T16:22:31Z","timestamp":1554654151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S104795110400112X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S104795110400112X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s104795110400112x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}