{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:03:22Z","timestamp":1773104602294,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,21]],"date-time":"2005-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1106265600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":112,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Repair of complex malformations that necessitate restoration of continuity between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries can now safely be performed with low morbidity and mortality. Major concerns still remain on the long-term outlook for these patients, and about the durability of the different prostheses used to restore that continuity, whether during initial correction or at the time of reintervention for failure of the conduit or pulmonary regurgitation. In this review, we discuss the salient morphologic features of the right ventricular outflow tract, and then focus on the indications for early and late intervention, current therapeutic options, and outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951104005116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,28]],"date-time":"2005-01-28T15:59:15Z","timestamp":1106927955000},"page":"533-549","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Problems with the right ventricular outflow tract: a review of morphologic features and current therapeutic options"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luca A.","family":"Vricella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mazyar","family":"Kanani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duke E.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor T.","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonhoeffer P , Boudjemline Y , Saliba Z , et al. Percutaneous replacement of pulmonary valve in a right ventricle to pulmonary artery prosthetic conduit with valve dysfunction. Lancet 2000; 356: 1403\u20131405.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02844-0"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref069","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien MF , Golstein S , Walsh S , Black KS , Elkins R , Clarke D . The SynerGraft valve: a new acellular (nonglutaraldehyde-fixed) tissue heart valve for autologous recellularization: first experimental studies before clinical implantation. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 11: S194\u2013S200."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yemets I , Williams W , Webb G , et al. Pulmonary calve replacement late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 526\u2013530.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)00577-8"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoof PH , Hazekamp MG , van Krieken HH , Huysmans HA . Pulmonary root replacement with the stentless aortic xenograft in growing pigs. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 1726\u20131729.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(98)00263-X"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref018","unstructured":"Dietl CA , Cazzaniga ME , Dubner SJ , Perez-Balino NA , Torres AR , Favaloro RG . Life threatening arrhythmias and RV dysfunction after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Comparison between transventricular and transatrial repairs. Circulation 1994; 90: II7\u2013II12."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke DR , Bishop DA . Allograft degeneration in infant pulmonary valve allograft recipients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1993; 7: 365\u2013370.","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-7940(93)90068-M"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Donato RM , Jonas RA , Lang P , Rome JJ , Mayer JE , Castaneda AR . Neonatal repair of tetralogy of Fallot with and without pulmonary atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991; 101: 126\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)36802-3"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dittrich S , Alexi-Meskishvili AC , Yankah A , et al. Comparison of porcine xenografts and homografts for pulmonary valve replacement in children. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 717\u2013722.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)01532-0"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iemura J , Oku H , Otaki M , Kitayama H , Matsumoto T . Reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract by pedicled pericardial valved conduit. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 1849\u20131851.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(97)01073-4"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aeba R , Kashima I , Moro K , et al. Left atrial appendage insertion for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 501\u2013505.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)02037-3"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatzoulis MA , Till JA , Somerville J , Redington AL . Mechano-electrical interaction in tetralogy of Fallot: QRS prolongation relates to right ventricular size and predicts malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Circulation 1995; 92: 231\u2013237.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.92.2.231"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicella LA , Coady MA , Black MD . Initial experience with stentless porcine bioprosthesis for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125: 727\u2013728.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2003.22"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oechslin EN , Harrison DA , Harris L , et al. Reoperation in adults with repair of tetralogy of Fallot: indications and outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 118: 245\u2013251.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(99)70214-X"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corno AF , Hurni M , Griffin H , Jeanrenaud X , von Segesser LK . Glutaraldhyde-fixed bovine jugular vein as a substitute for the pulmonary valve in the Ross procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122: 493\u2013494.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.114780"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl TR , Pornivvilwan S , Mee RB . Tetralogy of Fallot: favorable outcome of nonneonatal transatrial, transpulmonary repair. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54: 903\u2013907.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(92)90646-L"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosseinpour AR , Anderson RH , Ho SY . The anatomy of the septal perforating arteries in normal and congenitally malformed hearts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121: 1046\u20131052.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.113604"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eyskens B , Reybrouck T , Bogaert J , et al. Homograft insertion for pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot improves cardiorespiratory performance. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85: 221\u2013225.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00640-2"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redington AR , Oldershaw PJ , Shinebourne EA . A new technique for the assessment of pulmonary regurgitation and its application to the assessment of right ventricular function before and after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Br Heart J 1998; 60: 57\u201365.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.60.1.57"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson RH , Becker AE , Van Mierop LHS . \u201cWhat shall we call the \u2018crista.\u2019 \u201d Br Heart J 1977; 39: 856\u2013859.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.39.8.856"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawachi Y , Masuda M , Tominaga R , Tokunaga K . Comparative study between St. Jude Medical and boprosthetic valves in the right side of the heart. Jpn Circ J 1991; 55: 553\u2013562.","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.55.553"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turrentine MW , McCarthy RP , McConnell KW , McConnell KW , Brown JW . PTFE monocusp valve reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 871\u2013879.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03441-5"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schorn K , Yankah AC , Alexi-meskishvili A , Weng Y , Lange PE , Hetzer R . Risk factors for early degeneration of allografts in pulmonary circulation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997; 11: 62\u201369.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(96)01003-2"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerestein CG , Takkenberg JJ , Oei FB , et al. Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with an allograft conduit. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 911\u2013917.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)02440-1"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Discigil B , Dearani JA , Puga FJ , et al. Late pulmonary valve replacement after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121: 344\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.111209"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heush A , Rubo J , Krogmann , Bourgeois M . Volumetric analysis of the right ventricle in children with congenital heart defects: comparison of biplane angiography and transthoracic 3-dimensional echocardiography. Cardiol Young 1999; 9: 577\u2013584.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951100005618"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norgaard MA , Lauridsen P , Helvind M , Pettersson G . Twenty to thirty-seven-year follow-up after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 16: 125\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(99)00137-2"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref067","unstructured":"Yankah AC , Alexi-Meskhishvili V , Weng Y , Berger F , Lange P , Hetzer R . Performance of aortic and pulmonary homografts in the right ventricular outflow tract in children. J Heart Valve Dis 1995; 4: 392\u2013395."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brawn WJ , Barron DJ , Stumper O , et al. Repair of truncus arteriosus: a considered approach to right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20: 95\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00717-5"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine AJ , Miller PA , Stumper OS , et al. Early results of right ventricular-pulmonary artery conduits in patients under one year of age. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 19: 122\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(00)00628-X"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonhoeffer P , Boudjemline Y , Saliba Z , et al. Transcatheter implantation of a bovine valve in pulmonary position: a lamb study. Circulation 2000; 102: 813\u2013816.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.7.813"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessel HU , Paul MH . Exercise tolerance studies in tetralogy of Fallot: a review. Pediatr Cardiol 1999; 20: 39\u201347.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002469900393"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison DA , Harris L , Siu SS , MacLoghlin CJ , Connelly MS , Webb GD . Sustained ventricular tachycardia in adult patients late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1368\u20131373.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00316-1"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref072","unstructured":"Cleveland DC , Williams WG , Razzouk AJ , et al. Failure of cryopreserved homograft valved conduits in the pulmonary circulation. Circulation 1992; 86: II150\u2013II153."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bach DS , David T , Yacoub M , et al. Hemodynamics and left ventricular mass regression following implantation of the Toronto SPV stentless porcine valve. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 1214\u20131219.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00607-9"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raanani E , Yau TM , David TE , Dellgren G , Sonnenberg BD , Omran A . Risk factors for late pulmonary homograft stenosis after the Ross procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1953\u20131957.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)01905-6"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho JS , Shinebourne EA , Busst C , Rigby ML , Redington AN . Exercise capacity after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot: deleterious effects of residual pulmonary regurgitation. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 470\u2013473.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.67.6.470"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr-White GS , Kilner PJ , Hon JK , et al. Incidence, location, pathology, and significance of pulmonary homograft stenosis after the Ross operation. Circulation 2001; 104: I16\u2013I20.","DOI":"10.1161\/hc37t1.094545"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown JW , Ruzmetov M , Okada Y , Vijay P , Turrentine MW . Truncus arteriosus repair: outcomes, risk factors, reoperation and management. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001; 20: 221\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)00816-8"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanatani S , Potts JE , Human DG , Sandor GG , Patterson MW , Gordon Culham JA . Balloon angioplasty of right ventricular outflow tract conduits. Pediatr Cardiol 2001; 22: 228\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002460010209"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson RH , Webb S , Brown N , Lamers W , Moorman A . Development of the heart: (3) Formation of the ventricular outflow tracts, arterial valves, and intrapericardial arterial trunks. Heart 2003; 89: 1110\u20131118.","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.9.1110"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref063","unstructured":"Sardari F , Gundry SR , Razzouk AJ , Shirali GS , Bailey LL . The use of larger size pulmonary homografts for the Ross operation in children. J Heart Valve Dis 1996; 5: 410\u2013413."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aupecle B , Serraf A , Belli E , et al. Intermediate follow-up of a composite stentless porcine valve conduit of bovine pericardium in the pulmonary circulation. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 74: 127\u2013132.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03639-1"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koirala B , Merklinger SL , Van Arsdell GS , et al. Extending the usable size range of homografts in the pulmonary circulation: outcome of bicuspid homografts. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 866\u2013869.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03559-7"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vobecky SJ , Williams WG , Trusler GA , et al. Survival analysis of infants under age 18 months presenting with tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 944\u2013949.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(93)90361-K"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldarone CA , McCrindle BW , Van Arsdell GS , et al. Independent factors associated with longevity of prosthetic pulmonary valves and valved conduits. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 120: 1021\u20131030.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2000.110684"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredriksen PM , Therrien J , Veldtman G , et al. Aerobic capacity in adults with tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiol Young 2002; 12: 554\u2013549.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951102001002"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norgard G , Gatzoulis MA , Josen M , Cullen S , Redington AN . Does restrictive right ventricular physiology in the early postoperative period predict subsequent right ventricular restriction after repair of tetralogy of Fallot? Heart 1998; 79: 481\u2013484.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.79.5.481"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlichter AJ , Kreutzer C , Mayorquim RC , et al. Long-term follow-up of autologous pericardial valved conduits. Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62: 155\u2013160.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(96)00263-9"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Therrien J , Siu SC , Harris L , et al. Impact of pulmonary valve replacement on arrhythmia propensity late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 2001; 103: 2489\u20132494.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.20.2489"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanter KR , Budde JM , Parks WJ , et al. One hundred pulmonary valve replacements in children after relief of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 1801\u20131806.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)03568-3"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marie PY , Marcon F , Brunotte F , et al. Right ventricular overload and induced sustained ventricular tachycardia in operatively \u201crepaired\u201d tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 1992; 69: 785\u2013789.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90506-T"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho JM , Puga FJ , Danielson GK , et al. Early and long-term results of the surgical treatement of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia, with or without major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124: 70\u201381.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.120711"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh GS , Greenberg SB , Yap YS , Delany DP , Keeton BR , Monro JL . Right ventricular function and exercise performance late after primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot with the transannular patch in infancy. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 1378\u20131382.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00171-4"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref031","unstructured":"Connelly MS , Webb GD , Somerville J , et al. Canadian Consensus Conference on Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Can J Cardiol 1998; 14: 533\u2013597."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry AJ , McElhinney DB , Kung GC , Reddy VM , Brook MM , Hanley FL . Elective primary repair of acyanotic tetralogy of Fallot in early infancy: overall outcome and impact on the pulmonary valve. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 2279\u20132283.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00989-X"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark J , Bull C , Stajevic M , Jothi M , Elliott M , de Leval M . Fate of the subpulmonary homograft conduits: determinants of late homograft failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115: 506\u2013516.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(98)70312-5"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gundry SR , Razzouk AJ , Boskind JF , Bansal R , Bailey LL . Fate of the pericardial monocusp valve for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Early function, late failure without obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 908\u2013912.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(94)70349-3"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Praagh R , David I , Van Praagh S . What is a ventricle? The single ventricle trap. Pediatr Cardiol 1982; 2: 79\u201384.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02265623"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref089","unstructured":"Boudjemline Y , Bonhoeffer P . Percutaneous valve implantation: past present and future. Heart Views 2002; 3: 55\u201360 [not indexed]."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dacey LJ . Pulmonary homografts: current status. Curr Opin Cardiol 2000; 15: 86\u201390.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001573-200003000-00004"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dearani JA , Danielson GK , Puga FJ , et al. Late follow-up of 1095 patients undergoing operation for complex congenital heart disease utilizing pulmonary ventricle to pulmonary artery conduits. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 399\u2013411.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)04547-2"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Therrien J , Siu S , McLaughlin PR , Liu PP , Williams WG , Webb GD . Pulmonary valve replacement in adults after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: are we operating too late? J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1670\u20131675.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00930-X"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielefeld MR , Bishop DA , Campbell DN , Mitchell MB , Grover FL , Clarke DR . Reoperative homograft right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 482\u2013488.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)02521-2"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katz NM , Blackstone EH , Kirklin JW , Pacifico AD , Bargeron Jr LM . Late survival and symptoms after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 1982; 65: 403\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.65.2.403"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson LD , McElhinney DB , Reddy M , Petrossian E , Silverman NH , Hanley FL . Neonatal repair of truncus arteriosus: continuing improvement in outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 72: 391\u2013395.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02796-5"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santini F , Mazzucco A . Bicuspid homograft reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract in infants. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: S624\u2013S625.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(96)81282-3"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bando K , Danielson GK , Shaff HV , Mair DD , Julsrud PR , Puga FJ . Outcome of pulmonary and aortic homografts for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 509\u2013517.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(95)70282-2"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson RH , Allwork SP , Ho SY , Lenox CC , Zuberbhuler JR . Surgical anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot. J Thorac Cariovasc Surg 1981; 81: 887\u2013896.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39424-3"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref071","unstructured":"Razzouk AJ , Williams WG , Cleveland DC , et al. Surgical connections from ventricle to pulmonary artery. Comparison of four types of valved implants. Circulation 1992; 86: II154\u2013II158."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tweddell JS , Pelech AN , Frommelt PC , et al. Factors affecting longevity of homograft valves used in right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction for congenital heart disease. Circulation 2000; 102: III130\u2013III135.","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.suppl_3.III-130"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gundry SR . Pericardial and synthetic monocusp valves: indications and results. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 1999; 2: 77\u201382.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1092-9126(99)70007-4"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang Y , Tsai CC , Liang HC , Sung HV . Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with a bovine jugular vein graft fixed with a naturally occurring crosslinking agent (genipin) in a canine animal model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122: 1208\u20131218.","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2001.117624"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref016","unstructured":"Atallah-Yunes NH , Kavey RW , Bove EL , et al. Postoperative assessment of a modified surgical approach to repair of tetralogy of Fallot: long-term follow-up. Circulation 1996; 94 (9 Suppl): II22\u2013II26."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breymann T , Thies WR , Boethig D , Goerg R , Blanz U , Koerfer R . Bovine valved venous xenografts for RVOT reconstruction: results after 71 implantations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 21: 703\u2013710.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(02)00049-0"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange R , Weipert J , Homann M , et al. Performance of allografts and xenografts for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 51: S365\u2013S367.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)02552-8"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homann M , Haehnel JC , Mendler N , et al. Reconstruction of the RVOT with valved biological conduits: 25 year experience with allografts and xenografts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 17: 624\u2013630.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(00)00414-0"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horneffer PJ , Zahka KG , Rowe SA , et al. Long-term results of total repair of tetralogy of Fallot in childhood. Ann Thorac Surg 1990; 50: 179\u2013185.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(90)90728-O"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogel M , Gutberlet N , Dittrich M , Hosten N , Lange PE . Comparison of transthoracic three dimensional echocardiography with magnetic resonance in imaging right ventricular volume and mass. Heart 1997; 78: 127\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.78.2.127"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref039","unstructured":"Warner KG , Anderson JE , Fulton DR , Payne DD , Geggel RL , Marx GR . Restoration of the pulmonary valve reduces right ventricular volume overload after previous repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 1993; 88: II189\u2013II197."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hennein HA , Mosca RS , Urcelay G , Crowley DC , Bove EL . Intermediate results after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot in neonates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 332\u2013344.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(95)70395-0"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref026","unstructured":"Owen AR , Gatzoulis MA . Tetralogy of Fallot: late outcomes after repair and surgical implications. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2000; 1: 216\u2013226."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker AE , Connor M , Anderson RH . Tetralogy of Fallot: A morphometric and geometric study. Am J Cardiol 1975; 35: 402\u2013412.","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(75)90034-X"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy VM , Liddicoat JR , McElhinney DB , Brook MM , Stanger P , Hanley FL . Routine repair of tetralogy of Fallot in neonates and infants less than three months of age. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60 (6 Suppl): S592\u2013S596.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(95)00732-6"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izutani H , Gundry S , Vricella LA , Xu H , Bailey LL . Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using Goretex membrane monocusp valve in infant animals. ASAIO J 2000; 46: 553\u2013555.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002480-200009000-00008"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willelms TP , Bogers AJ , Cromme-Dijkhuis AH , et al. Allograft reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1996; 10: 609\u2013614.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(96)80374-5"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichikawa I , Noishiki Y , Kosuge T , Yamamoto K , Kondo J , Matsumoto A . Use of a bovine jugular vein graft with natural valve for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction: a one-year animal study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114: 224\u2013233.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(97)70149-1"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosti L , Murzi B , Colli M , et al. Mechanical valves in the pulmonary position: a reappraisal. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115: 1074\u20131079.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(98)70407-6"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deanfield JE , McKenna WJ , Presbitero P , England D , Graham GR , Hallidie-Smith K . Ventricular arrhythmia in unrepaired and repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Relation to age, timing of repair and haemodynamic status. Br Heart J 1984; 52: 77\u201381.","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.52.1.77"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao HX , Miller DC , Reitz BA , Shumway NE . Surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Long-term follow-up with particular emphasis on late death and reoperation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 89: 204\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)38815-4"},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref004","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Lavin L , Metras D , Ross DN . Anatomic and physiologic bases for the Ross procedure. J Heart Valve Dis 1996; 5: 383\u2013390."},{"key":"S1047951104005116_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javadpour H , Veerasingam D , Wood AE . Calcification of homografts in the pulmonary circulation \u2013 is it device or donation related? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 22: 78\u201381.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(02)00245-2"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951104005116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,5]],"date-time":"2020-04-05T13:17:35Z","timestamp":1586092655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951104005116\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951104005116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951104005116","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}}}