{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:17:28Z","timestamp":1777544248885,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497484800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951117000907_abs1\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Echocardiography has been proposed as a method to screen children for rheumatic heart disease. The World Heart Federation has established guidelines for echocardiographic screening. In this study, we describe a rapid echocardiogram screening protocol according to the World Heart Federation guidelines in Samoa, endemic for rheumatic heart disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951117000907_abs2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed echocardiogram screening in schoolchildren in Samoa between 2013 and 2015. A brief screening echocardiogram was performed on all students. Children with predefined criteria suspicious for rheumatic hear diseases were referred for a more comprehensive echocardiogram. Complete echocardiograms were classified according to the World Heart Federation guidelines and severity of valve disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951117000907_abs3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Echocardiographic screening was performed on 11,434 children, with a mean age of 10.2 years; 51% of them were females. A total of 558 (4.8%) children underwent comprehensive echocardiography, including 49 students who were randomly selected as controls. Definite rheumatic heart disease was observed in 115 students (10.0 per 1000): 92 students were classified as borderline (8.0 per 1000) and 23 with CHD. Advanced disease was identified in 50 students (4.4 per 1000): 15 with severe mitral regurgitation, five with severe aortic regurgitation, 11 with mitral stenoses, and 19 with mitral and aortic valve disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951117000907_abs4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We successfully applied a rapid echocardiographic screening protocol to a large number of students over a short time period \u2013 28 days of screening over a 3-year time period \u2013 to identify a high prevalence of rheumatic heart disease. We also reported a significantly higher rate of advanced disease compared with previously published echocardiographic screening programmes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951117000907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T09:16:08Z","timestamp":1497518168000},"page":"1599-1605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A rapid echocardiographic screening protocol for rheumatic heart disease in Samoa: a high prevalence of advanced disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Marvin","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Take","family":"Naseri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Tolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951117000907_ref18","first-page":"e386","article-title":"Focused cardiac ultrasound screening for rheumatic heart disease by briefly trained health workers: a study of diagnostic accuracy","volume":"4","author":"Enelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"S1047951117000907_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1185"},{"key":"S1047951117000907_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vos T , Barber RM , Bell B , et al. Global Burden of Disease Study Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, and prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. 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Standardization of Epidemiologic Protocols for Surveillance of Post-Streptococcal Sequelae: Acute Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease and Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis. 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