{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:25:27Z","timestamp":1760217927887,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119000970_s1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ebstein anomaly is a rare congenital heart defect (CHD) that, when severe, requires corrective surgery or other catheter-based intervention in the first year of life. Due to its rarity, risk factors for Ebstein anomaly remain largely unknown. Using national data, we examined 18 potential risk factors for Ebstein anomaly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119000970_s2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using 1997\u20132011 data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based case\u2013control study, we calculated crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for paternal age, maternal socio-demographics, reproductive history, and modifiable risk factors, and infant characteristics reported by mothers of 135 Ebstein anomaly cases and 11,829 controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119000970_s3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mothers of Ebstein anomaly cases had 4.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.8, 9.5) times the odds of reporting a family history of CHD compared with mothers of controls. Ebstein anomaly was associated with maternal second-hand cigarette smoke exposure at home (odds ratio = 2.2 [95% confidence interval: 1.1, 4.4]), but not maternal cigarette smoking (odds ratio = 1.3 [95% confidence interval: 0.8, 2.1]). Odds were elevated, but the 95% confidence interval included 1.0, for maternal marijuana use (odds ratio = 1.8 [95% confidence interval: 0.9, 3.8]) and paternal age \u226540 years at delivery (odds ratio = 1.9 [95% confidence interval: 1.0, 3.5]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119000970_s4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke at home and a family history of CHD were associated with elevated odds of Ebstein anomaly. Genetic analyses could clarify the potential heritability of Ebstein anomaly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951119000970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T08:47:07Z","timestamp":1559638027000},"page":"819-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Potential risk factors for Ebstein anomaly, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3063-1781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karrie F.","family":"Downing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Riehle-Colarusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne 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