{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:57:08Z","timestamp":1792717028925,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572825600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119002506_as1\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The air gap technique (AGT) is an approach to radiation dose optimisation during fluoroscopy where an \u201cair gap\u201d is used in place of an anti-scatter grid to reduce scatter irradiation. The AGT is effective in adults but remains largely untested in children. Effects are expected to vary depending on patient size and the amount of scatter irradiation produced.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119002506_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fluoroscopy and cineangiography were performed using a Phillips Allura Fluoroscope on tissue simulation anthropomorphic phantoms representing a neonate, 5-year-old, and teenager. Monte Carlo simulations were then used to estimate effective radiation dose first using a standard recommended imaging approach and then repeated using the AGT. Objective image quality assessments were performed using an image quality phantom.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119002506_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effective radiation doses for the neonate and 5-year-old phantom increased consistently (2\u201392%) when the AGT was used compared to the standard recommended imaging approaches in which the anti-scatter grid is removed at baseline. In the teenage phantom, the AGT reduced effective doses by 5\u201359%, with greater dose reductions for imaging across the greater thoracic dimension of lateral projection. The AGT increased geometric magnification but with no detectable change in image blur or contrast differentiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951119002506_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The AGT is an effective approach for dose reduction in larger patients, particularly for lateral imaging. Compared to the current dose optimisation guidelines, the technique may be harmful in smaller children where scatter irradiation is minimal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951119002506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T03:24:17Z","timestamp":1572837857000},"page":"1474-1480","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Estimating radiation exposure during paediatric cardiac catheterisation: a potential for radiation reduction with air gap technique"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3733-2856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reid C.","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis C.","family":"Shindhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005425"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aa80a4"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.26630"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2017.01.001"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICRP publication 103","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann ICRP"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.26911"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.04.003"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901249"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.063909"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198510000-00015"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-017-1067-5"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.171406"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.24602"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.73.866.10884731"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref13","first-page":"101","article-title":"Substantial radiation reduction in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease interventions with a novel X-ray imaging technology","volume":"6","author":"Haas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc"},{"key":"S1047951119002506_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2014.04.013"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951119002506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]],"date-time":"2019-12-30T09:25:47Z","timestamp":1577697947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951119002506\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951119002506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951119002506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]]}}}