{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:15:03Z","timestamp":1790352903876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597795200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951120002516_as1\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we share our experience in the Warden procedure for the repair of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections (PAPVCs) draining high in the superior caval vein in 65 cases of the paediatric age group over a period of 10 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951120002516_as2\"><jats:title>Patients and methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 65 patients receiving the Warden procedure for the repair of high PAPVCs (draining above the cavoatrial junction) over a period of 10 years starting from January, 2010 to January, 2020 were included in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951120002516_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 34 were males (52.3%) and 31 were females (47.7%). The mean age was 3.47 \u00b1 1.4 years, while the mean weight was 17.3 \u00b1 5.3 kilograms. The mean bypass time was 84.2 \u00b1 13.9 minutes and the mean cross clamp time was 54.8 \u00b1 12.9 minutes. The mean intensive care unit stay was 2.14 \u00b1 0.89 days, while the mean hospital stay was 5.9 \u00b1 1.4 days. There was no in-hospital mortality or persistent sinus node dysfunction necessitating permanent pacemaker. In total, 62 patients (95%) could be followed up for a mean period of 7.8 \u00b1 1.2 years after discharge. During the follow-up period, no stenosis was detected in the Warden anastomosis or the rerouted pulmonary veins and only one case of late mortality (1.6%) occurred due to a non-cardiac cause.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951120002516_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Warden procedure is a safe approach for the repair of high PAPVCs (above the cavoatrial junction) in the paediatric age group with good long-term results and low incidence of complications like sinus node dysfunction as well as pulmonary vein and superior caval vein obstruction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951120002516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]],"date-time":"2020-08-19T07:19:21Z","timestamp":1597821561000},"page":"1486-1489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Warden procedure for partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in children: 10 years experience in 65 cases"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9792-1313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Alkady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elnaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Eldegwy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah","family":"Nosair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9784.179631","article-title":"Warden repair for superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in children: anesthesia and transesophageal echocardiography perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Card Anaesth"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951104001118","article-title":"The Warden procedure for partially anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior caval vein","volume":"14","author":"DiBardino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivs038","article-title":"Does Warden\u2019s procedure reduce sinus node dysfunction after surgery for partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection?","volume":"14","author":"Okontaa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.07.092","article-title":"Modified cavoatrial anastomosis in Warden 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connection","volume":"84","author":"Alsoufi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Outcomes after surgical repair of sinus venosus atrial septal defect in children","volume":"109","author":"Sojak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2013.08.013","article-title":"Surgical management of anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava \u2013 early results","volume":"65","author":"Chandra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2011.05.043","article-title":"Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the superior vena cava: the outcome after the Warden procedure","volume":"41","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.07.015","article-title":"Caval division technique for sinus venosus atrial septal defect with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection","volume":"81","author":"Shahriari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.01.051","article-title":"Is restrictive atrial septal defect a risk in partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage repair?","volume":"97","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"S1047951120002516_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84800-064-3_6","volume-title":"Transesophageal Echocardiography for Congenital Heart 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