{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T22:39:26Z","timestamp":1784155166083,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122001937_as1\"><jats:title>Rationale:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most frequent group of congenital anomalies representing a significant burden of mortality and morbidity and health service load.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122001937_as2\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the Northern Ireland population, served by a single paediatric cardiology centre, we determine the prevalence and trends of CHD among live births.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122001937_as3\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a descriptive cross-sectional population-based study, using the paediatric cardiology database. The study included a total of 245,120 live births representing all children born in Northern Ireland 2005-2014.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122001937_as4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 11,410 children (4.65% of live births in Northern Ireland) received an echocardiogram for suspected CHD, and 3,059 children were subsequently diagnosed with a major CHD (prevalence = 12.48 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 12.04\u201312.93)) of whom 490 (16.02%) had genetic or chromosomal disorders including Down syndrome. The prevalence of non-genetic or chromosomal cases was 10.48 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 10.08\u201310.89) and did not change significantly over time (p = 0.91). The prevalence of CHD diagnosed in the first year of life was 8.46 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 8.10\u20138.83), which increased over time (p &lt; 0.01). The prevalence of severe CHD was 2.02 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 1.85\u20132.21).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122001937_as5\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Northern Ireland has a high prevalence of CHD among European countries, which may be associated with complete ascertainment of both early and late diagnosed cases recorded in the paediatric cardiology database, as well as being one of the few European countries where terminations of pregnancy for foetal anomaly was illegal during the study period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951122001937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T11:44:44Z","timestamp":1660563884000},"page":"939-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and trends of congenital heart defects among live births from 2005 to 2014 in Northern Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6782-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafi","family":"Saad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Dolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Loane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref6","volume-title":"EUROCAT Special Report: Coding of Congenital Heart Defects in the EUROCAT Database","author":"Garne","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04223-4"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958405"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12176"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.07.058"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000455952"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-010-3244-3"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref30","unstructured":"30. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency\u2019s Website 2020. Available at: https:\/\/view.officeapps.live.com\/op\/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2FSection%25204%2520-%2520Stillbirths_InfantDeaths_Tables_2020_Final.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK."},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5148"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2014.07.030"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.189119"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2011.212563.76"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00987.x"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Hospital stays, hospital charges, and in-hospital deaths among infants with selected birth defects\u2014United States, 2003","volume":"56","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz009","article-title":"Global birth prevalence of congenital heart defects 1970-2017: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 260 studies","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S40149"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022126"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref20","unstructured":"20. Diabetes, UK. 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Scottish Perinatal and Infant Mortality and Morbidity Report, 2013, Healthcare Improvement Scotland, https:\/\/www.isdscotland.org\/Health-Topics\/Maternity-and-Births\/Publications\/2013-03-26\/2013-03-26-SPIMMR2011-report.pdf?207155943, [Accessed 31 Dec 2021]"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.05.059"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-006-1291-6","article-title":"The impact of fetal echocardiography on the prevalence of liveborn congenital heart disease","volume":"27","author":"Germanakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref17","first-page":"w14068","article-title":"Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease in a regional controlled case study","volume":"144","author":"Rossier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025","article-title":"Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"van der Linde","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227908","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227908","article-title":"Risk factors for congenital heart disease: the baby hearts study, a population-based case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Dolk","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2710"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5455\/jrmds.2017517","article-title":"Congenital heart disease: frequency and the need for intervention on the first year of birth","volume":"5","author":"Movahedian","year":"2017 Jan 1","journal-title":"J Res Med Dental Sci"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.035"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"High prevalence of complex congenital cardiac anomalies detected by fetal echocardiography in a cohort of Saudi women referred for prenatal assessment","volume":"240","author":"Emam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref18","unstructured":"18. Public Health Agency Children\u2019s health in Northern Ireland. 2016, Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.publichealth.hscni.net\/sites\/default\/files\/RUAG%20report%202015-16%20-%20Childrens%20Health%20in%20NI%20-%20FINAL%20REPORT%20-%20May%202016.pdf, [Accessed 6 October 2021]."},{"key":"S1047951122001937_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.11.062","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart disease at live birth in Taiwan","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951122001937","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T08:28:02Z","timestamp":1686731282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951122001937\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951122001937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951122001937","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}