{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T22:05:35Z","timestamp":1787954735886,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663545600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122002840_as1\"><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow is a well-recognised phenomenon in patients with single ventricle physiology, but remains difficult to quantify. The aim was to compare the reported formula\u2019s that have been used for calculation of systemic-to-pulmonary-collateral flow to assess their consistency and to quantify systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow in patients with a Glenn and\/or Fontan circulation using four-dimensional flow MRI (4D flow MR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122002840_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective case\u2013control study of Glenn and Fontan patients who had a 4D flow MR study. Flows were measured at the ascending aorta, left and right pulmonary arteries, left and right pulmonary veins, and both caval veins. Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow was calculated using two formulas: 1) pulmonary veins \u2013 pulmonary arteries and 2) ascending aorta \u2013 caval veins. Anatomical identification of collaterals was performed using the 4D MR image set.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122002840_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen patients (n = 11 Fontan, n = 3 Glenn) were included (age 26 [22\u201330] years). Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow was significantly higher in the patients than the controls (n = 10, age 31.2 [15.1\u201338.4] years) with both formulas: 0.28 [0.09\u20130.5] versus 0.04 [\u22120.66\u20130.21] l\/min\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (p = 0.036, formula 1) and 0.67 [0.24\u20130.88] versus -0.07 [\u22120.16\u20130.08] l\/min\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (p &lt; 0.001, formula 2). In patients, systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow differed significantly between formulas 1 and 2 (13% versus 26% of aortic flow, p = 0.038). In seven patients, veno-venous collaterals were detected and no aortopulmonary collaterals were visualised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122002840_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>4D flow MR is able to detect increased systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow and visualise collaterals vessels in Glenn and Fontan patients. However, the amount of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow varies with the formula employed. Therefore, further research is necessary before it could be applied in clinical care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951122002840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,19]],"date-time":"2022-09-19T09:23:30Z","timestamp":1663579410000},"page":"1634-1642","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Quantification of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow in univentricular physiology with 4D flow MRI"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5101-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floris-Jan S.","family":"Ridderbos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frandics P.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joost P.","family":"van 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