{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:02:12Z","timestamp":1772668932258,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122003353_as1\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Burden of CHD in Africa is generally underestimated mainly due to significant under-reporting and early-related fetal and neonatal mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122003353_as2\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Determine the prevalence and factors associated with late diagnosis of CHD seen at three tertiary care hospitals in Kenya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122003353_as3\"><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study on paediatric patients with CHDs, aged 0\u201318\u00a0years, seen over a 5-year period, between January, 2011 and December, 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122003353_as4\"><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Mater Hospital, and Kenyatta National Hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122003353_as5\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients were stratified into those diagnosed late (&gt;1\u00a0year of age) and those diagnosed early (&lt;1\u00a0year of age). Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to determine factors associated with late diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122003353_as6\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study enrolled 411 patients, with equal gender distribution. Prevalence of late diagnosis (&gt;1\u00a0year of age) of CHD was 60.6% (95% CI 55.7\u201365.3). Median age at diagnosis was 15 (IQR 5\u201348) months. Presence of a cardiac murmur (OR = 0.87; 95% CI 0.72\u20130.92, p-value = 0.016) and level of parental education (OR = 4.99; 95% CI 2.25\u201311.40, p-value\u00a0&lt;0001) were associated with a decreased odds of late diagnosis. Other factors like cyanosis, an increase in the number of healthcare workers and healthcare facilities per 10,000 population showed some association with decreased odds of late diagnosis of CHD, but these were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951122003353_as7\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Late diagnosis of CHD remains alarmingly high in our setting. Initiatives to enhance early detection and screening of CHD should be adopted to reduce related mortality and morbidity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951122003353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T09:04:19Z","timestamp":1667552659000},"page":"1902-1908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Late diagnosis of CHD and its associated factors in Kenya: an analytic cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Mercy","family":"Ng\u2019eno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Del-rossi S.","family":"Quadros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Gachara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Kihurani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Yonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref4","article-title":"Congenital Heart Disease in East Africa","volume":"250","author":"Jivanji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.43.3.323"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref7","first-page":"14","article-title":"The early diagnosis of congenital heart disease","volume":"93","author":"Downing","year":"1958","journal-title":"Hahnemannian"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.726265"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000264673"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.11.006"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.967674"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref17","volume-title":"Kenya Service Availability and Readiness Assessment Maping (SARAM)","author":"Go","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2014-055"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.078097"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1397"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4622"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v84i7.9585"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.85.4.438"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-003-0593-1"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a3037"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.189125"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.738021"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1383723","article-title":"Cardiac surgery capacity in sub-saharan Africa: quo vadis?","volume":"62","author":"Yankah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307691"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref21","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research","volume":"99","author":"Shavers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.80.1.F49"},{"key":"S1047951122003353_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1160-4"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951122003353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T10:16:23Z","timestamp":1697019383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951122003353\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951122003353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951122003353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}