{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:49:56Z","timestamp":1778197796638,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1047951123003098_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limited data exist on how trainees in paediatric cardiology are assessed among countries affiliated with the Association of European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951123003098_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A structured and approved questionnaire was circulated to educationalists\/trainers in 95 Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology training centres.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951123003098_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trainers from 46 centres responded with complete data in 41 centres. Instructional design included bedside teaching (41\/41), didactic teaching (38\/41), problem-based learning (28\/41), cardiac catheterisation calculations (34\/41), journal club (31\/41), fellows presenting in the multidisciplinary meeting (41\/41), fellows reporting on echocardiograms (34\/41), clinical simulation (17\/41), echocardiography simulation (10\/41), and catheterisation simulation (3\/41). Assessment included case-based discussion (n = 27), mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) (n = 12), directly observed procedures (n = 12), oral examination (n = 16), long cases (n = 11), written essay questions (n = 6), multiple choice questions (n = 5), and objective structured clinical examination (n = 2). Entrustable professional activities were utilised in 10 (24%) centres. Feedback was summative only in 17\/41 (41%) centres, formative only in 12\/41 (29%) centres and a combination of formative and summative feedback in 10\/41 (24%) centres. Written feedback was provided in 10\/41 (24%) centres. Verbal feedback was most common in 37\/41 (90 %) centres.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1047951123003098_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a marked variation in instructional design and assessment across European paediatric cardiac centres. A wide mix of assessment tools are used. Feedback is provided by the majority of centres, mostly verbal summative feedback. Adopting a programmatic assessment focusing on competency\/capability using multiple assessment tools with regular formative multisource feedback may promote assessment for learning of paediatric cardiology trainees.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951123003098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T09:22:19Z","timestamp":1693300939000},"page":"588-596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Assessment for learning of paediatric cardiology trainees in 41 centres from 19 European countries"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0337-9338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin J.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ornella","family":"Milanesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Pitk\u00e4nen-Argillander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-6905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimpna C.","family":"Albert-Brotons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ina","family":"Michel-Behnke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Voges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0242-9586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skaiste","family":"Sendzikaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0743-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Heying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000197"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951114001309"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-016-1560-y"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004106"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12407"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6920-12-25"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36834\/cmej.68713"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.1.44"},{"key":"S1047951123003098_ref33","unstructured":"33. 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