{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:45Z","timestamp":1790709765377,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human milk improves neurodevelopment for preterm infants, but relationships between human milk and neurodevelopment for infants with critical CHD are unknown. We aimed to (1) explore associations between human milk\/direct breastfeeding and neurodevelopment at 1-year and 2-year follow-up and (2) describe patterns of human milk (maternal, donor) and commercial formula during hospitalisation in the first year of life.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included infants who underwent surgery for CHD &lt; 6 months old. The primary outcome was neurodevelopment via Bayley Scales of Infant Development-IV. Analysis included adjusted linear regression for associations between exclusive human milk while inpatient during the first 6 months or any direct breastfeeding while inpatient during the first year of life and 1-year Bayley-IV scores. Models were adjusted for race, insurance type, genetic diagnosis, and length of stay.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Of 98 eligible infants, 40% followed up at 1 year; 27% at 2 years. There were differences in follow-up related to demographics (race, ethnicity) and social determinants of health (insurance type, distance from clinic). In adjusted models, infants who directly breastfed had 13.18 points higher cognition (95% CI: 0.84\u201325.53, p = 0.037); 14.04 points higher language (2.55\u201325.53, p = 0.018); and 15.80 points higher motor scores (3.27\u201328.34, p = 0.015) at 1-year follow-up. Infants fed exclusive human milk had 12.64 points higher cognition scores (\u22120.53\u201325.82, p = 0.059).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Future investigation into nutrition and neurodevelopment in the context of critical CHD is warranted. As neurodevelopmental follow-up becomes standard of care in this population, efforts are needed to mitigate disparities in access to this care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951124025228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T09:12:11Z","timestamp":1715591531000},"page":"1974-1982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human milk, breastfeeding, and early neurodevelopmental outcomes for infants with critical CHD"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-0812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Elgersma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L.","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E.","family":"Ramel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1295-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"McKechnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie M.","family":"Pfister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030756"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028489"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.003"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951114000031"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25940"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2382"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01367-z"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref29","unstructured":"29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding report card: United States 2022. Published September 29, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/breastfeeding\/data\/reportcard.htm. Accessed September 15, 2023."},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113562"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.064113"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.025358"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951121002146"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951117002748"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2021.0334"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.11.001"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0358"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)70002-1"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181d026da"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2023.0036"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1240"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14287"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3227"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.01.011"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15168"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref12","volume-title":"Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development","author":"Bayley","year":"2019"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01196-6"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01513-3"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.21608"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wayfinding through the \u201cocean of the great unknown\u201d: how lactating parents establish a direct breastfeeding relationship with an infant with critical CHD","volume":"9","author":"Elgersma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcchd.2022.100419"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000475834"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-00928-8"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.11.004"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0286"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.03.007"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-056415L"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113441"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007065"},{"key":"S1047951124025228_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-057988"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951124025228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T10:32:07Z","timestamp":1744108327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951124025228\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951124025228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951124025228","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the same Creative Commons licence is used to distribute the re-used or adapted article and the original article is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained prior to any commercial use.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}