{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T13:20:36Z","timestamp":1783084836027,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126111305_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early post-operative arrhythmia is a frequent complication after paediatric cardiac surgery. Although usually transient, it contributes to considerable morbidity and may increase mortality. This study aimed to determine the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of early post-operative arrhythmia following paediatric open-heart surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126111305_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A single-centre retrospective cohort study was conducted on paediatric patients who underwent open-heart surgery for congenital or acquired heart diseases between January 2022 and December 2024. Pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative parameters were analysed to identify independent predictors using multivariate logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126111305_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 2,096 patients analysed, 220 (10.5%) developed early post-operative arrhythmias, mainly tachyarrhythmias. The most common were complete heart block (3.2%), accelerated junctional rhythm (2.8%), and junctional ectopic tachycardia (1.9%). Tetralogy of Fallot repair had the highest incidence (20.2%). Independent predictors included prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (OR 1.005, 95% CI 1.002\u20131.009,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), extended aortic cross-clamp time (OR 1.006, 95% CI 1.001\u20131.011,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011), and prolonged inotropic support (OR 1.035, 95% CI 1.009\u20131.063,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009). Serum magnesium \u2265 1.0 mmol\/L was identified as a protective factor. Arrhythmia was associated with longer mechanical ventilation (median 4 vs. 2 days), ICU stay (8 vs. 4 days), and hospitalisation (20 vs. 12 days; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Mortality was higher but not statistically significant (5.9% vs. 3.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.087).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126111305_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-operative arrhythmia occurred in 10.5% of paediatric cardiac surgeries, most frequently after Tetralogy of Fallot repair. Prolonged bypass, aortic cross-clamp times, hypomagnesemia, and high inotropic support were independent risk factors associated with increased morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951126111305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:02:18Z","timestamp":1771927338000},"page":"268-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of early post-operative arrhythmia after open-heart surgery in the paediatric cardiac intensive care unit: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3269-440X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine Gay","family":"Tria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathan Mohan J.","family":"Munusamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairul Faizah","family":"Mohd Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91997-8","article-title":"Revisiting risk factors and incidence of postoperative tachyarrhythmias in pediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"15","author":"Lapmahapaisan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004780","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004780","article-title":"Efficacy of prophylactic dexmedetomidine in preventing postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia after pediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"6","author":"El Amrousy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2020.09.002","article-title":"Uso de ivabradina en el tratamiento de la taquicardia ect\u00f3pica de la uni\u00f3n tras cirug\u00eda cardiaca","volume":"95","author":"L\u00f3pez Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref12","first-page":"148","article-title":"Stratification of complexity in congenital heart surgery: comparative study of the RACHS-1, aristotle basic score and STS-EACTS mortality score","volume":"30","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2017.177"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref9","first-page":"507","article-title":"Arrhythmia in early post cardiac surgery in pediatrics: Siriraj experience","volume":"91","author":"Chaiyarak","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref8","first-page":"53","article-title":"Early post-operative arrhythmia after cardiac surgery for congenital heart diseases","volume":"9","author":"Nezafati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran Heart J"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.4266\/acc.2020.00990","article-title":"Early postoperative arrhythmias after pediatric congenital heart disease surgery: a 5-year audit from a lower- to middle-income country","volume":"37","author":"Ishaque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acute Crit Care"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.13011"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.01.020","article-title":"Ivabradine versus amiodarone in the management of postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority study","volume":"7","author":"Arvind","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4103\/HEARTVIEWS.HEARTVIEWS_88_18","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of cardiac arrhythmia postcardiac surgery in children","volume":"20","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Views"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2018.04.003","article-title":"Postoperative complete heart block among congenital heart disease patients: contributing risk factors, therapies and long-term sequelae in the current era","volume":"49","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2022.43.10.20220275","article-title":"Risk factors of early postoperative cardiac arrhythmia after pediatric cardiac surgery","volume":"43","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joa3.13155"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2069.126543","article-title":"Anticipation and management of junctional ectopic tachycardia in postoperative cardiac surgery: single center experience with high incidence","volume":"7","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.AJM_14_17","article-title":"Critical arrhythmia in postoperative cardiac children: recognition and management","volume":"7","author":"Kabbani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref7","first-page":"974","article-title":"Risk factors for early post-operative arrhythmias in children undergoing congenital heart surgeries","volume":"74","author":"Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pak Armed Forces Med J"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref10","first-page":"2278","article-title":"Postoperative cardiac arrhythmias in pediatric and neonatal patients with congenital heart disease: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Ganea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5606\/tgkdc.dergisi.2021.20366"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/dmcj.v6i1.35964"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-022-03074-w","article-title":"Early and late postoperative tachyarrhythmias in children and young adults undergoing congenital heart disease surgery","volume":"44","author":"Joye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol"},{"key":"S1047951126111305_ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early postoperative arrhythmias after cardiac surgery in children at the Shisong Cardiac Center, Cameroon","volume":"16","author":"Chelo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Sci Dis"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the 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