{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:28:52Z","timestamp":1785403732144,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126112876_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the impact of ethnicity on survival following paediatric cardiac surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126112876_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational study of a regional tertiary paediatric cardiac surgical centre in Yorkshire, UK. All children (age 0\u201315 years) undergoing their first cardiac surgical procedure from January 2005 to December 2021 inclusive. The primary outcome was 5-year survival. Secondary outcomes included 30-day, 1-year, and pre-discharge survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126112876_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3,508 children (46% female) underwent their first cardiac surgical procedure during the study period. Within the study cohort 2,578 (73%) children were White, 634 (18%) were South Asian, 95 (3%) were Black and 201 (6%) were from other ethnic groups. South Asian children were more likely to have a functionally single-ventricle (10% vs. 7% White; relative risk 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.15\u20131.69).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality after surgery, adjusted for deprivation, was higher for South Asian (hazard ratio 1.50, 1.12\u20132.01) and Black children (hazard ratio 1.69, 0.93\u20133.06), compared to White children. Survival differences were not present at discharge or 30 days post-procedure, but widened progressively at 90 days, 1 year and 5 years. This was not influenced by diagnosis or pre-operative risk factors. One-year survival improved for South Asian children across the study period and was similar to that of White children from 2017\u20132021 (94.7% (89.8\u201397.3%) vs. 96.8% (94.9\u201397.9%) White).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126112876_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Black and South Asian children have a greater risk of death following cardiac surgery compared to White children, independent of pre-operative risk. The majority of excess deaths occurred after hospital discharge. Although inequities have steadily reduced over the past two decades, the explanation for this effect remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951126112876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:36:51Z","timestamp":1779262611000},"page":"968-975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnicity and survival after paediatric cardiac surgery in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0041-0862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel G.W.","family":"Cave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00v4dac24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khurram","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Leeds"},{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Cromie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Feltbower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/024mrxd33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Bentham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00v4dac24","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2432"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.16424"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.12.014"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref31","unstructured":"31. Office for National Statistics. Child and infant mortality in England and Wales: 2022."},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref23","unstructured":"23. Universities of Leeds and Leicester. Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet). National Paediatric Critical Care Audit State of the Nation Report 2024 [Internet], 2024. Available from: www.hqip.org.uk\/national-programmes."},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa213"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315505"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Pinto, NM , Lasa, J , Dominguez, TE , Wernovsky, G , Tabbutt, S , Cohen, MS. Regionalization in neonatal congenital heart surgery: the impact of distance on outcome after discharge, Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33: 229\u2013238.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-011-0116-4"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951114002492"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-002-0243-z"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318499"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.11.036"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.01.060"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23416"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref12","first-page":"e1270","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of a multicenter observational study of the relationship between social determinants of health and complications after children\u2019s heart surgery","volume":"7","author":"Mustafa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2023-326213"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150135120949462"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref32","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Infant deaths from congenital anomalies: novel use of child death overview panel data","volume":"103","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23169"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2020.06.015"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref22","unstructured":"22. Office for National Statistics. Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021. 2022."},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-213093"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref27","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package dagitty","volume":"45","author":"Textor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311143"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.01.020"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61132-0"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.069779"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005213"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref33","unstructured":"33. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Termination of Pregnancy for Fetal Abnormality in England, Scotland and Wales. 2010."},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02209-x"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref24","unstructured":"24. Ministry of Housing Communities & Local Government. English indices of deprivation 2019."},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-002-0244-y"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-319677"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref7","unstructured":"7. NICOR. National Congenital Heart Disease Audit (NCHDA) 2021 Summary Report (2017\/20 data). 2021."},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.134403"},{"key":"S1047951126112876_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312448"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951126112876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:34:40Z","timestamp":1782128080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951126112876\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951126112876"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951126112876","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}