{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:40:32Z","timestamp":1785404432925,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126113456_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiography has become a crucial diagnostic tool for assessing heart diseases in children within low- and middle-income countries, where the burden of heart diseases remains substantial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126113456_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to audit echocardiography (echo) reports by reviewing the trends in echocardiography, indications for echocardiography, and the frequency and pattern of paediatric heart diseases seen at the Paediatric Cardiology Unit of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, over a five-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126113456_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1,155 echocardiography reports were reviewed using a structured proforma to extract relevant data. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS version 25.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126113456_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male participants constituted 52.1% of the study population. Ages ranged from 9 hours to 18 years, with a mean \u00b1 SD of 3.24 \u00b1 4.46 years. The most frequent indication for echocardiography was fast breathing (38.27%). Approximately 31.86% of the echocardiograms were normal. CHD accounted for 63.55% of diagnoses, with 67.17% classified as acyanotic CHD and 32.83% as cyanotic CHD. Ventricular septal defect (VSD, 15.26%) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF, 14.99%) were the most common CHDs. Acquired heart diseases were found in 4.59% of cases, with rheumatic heart disease being the most prevalent within this group (35.85%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1047951126113456_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CHDs remain the predominant paediatric heart diseases, occurring nearly 14 times more frequently than acquired heart diseases. Ventricular septal defect and tetralogy of Fallot were the most common acyanotic and cyanotic CHDs, respectively. Among the acquired heart diseases, rheumatic heart disease was the leading diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1047951126113456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:55:49Z","timestamp":1780386949000},"page":"1010-1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paediatric cardiac diseases in a tertiary facility in Southwest Nigeria: a five-year retrospective audit of echocardiography studies"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3136-4742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olukemi Tolulope","family":"Bamigboye-Taiwo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04snhqa82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bkbs460","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Akintunde","family":"Okeniyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04snhqa82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bkbs460","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babajide Samson","family":"Adeyefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bkbs460","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson Adedeji","family":"Afolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bkbs460","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1917-8445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olayinka Aderonke","family":"Otetubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bkbs460","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oghenetega Eunice","family":"Obrerhor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05bkbs460","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40949-021-00064-0"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2021-028"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618124"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref27","first-page":"3","article-title":"An audit of urgent echocardiograms and an analysis of parental understanding of a normal echocardiographic study in a regional centre in Malta","volume":"1","author":"Grech","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiol"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13235"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-06-23-6853"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.708732"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1342"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.08.003"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref4","unstructured":"4. World Health Organization. Rheumatic heart disease fact sheet. [Internet]. WHO. 2025. [cited 2025 Apr 22]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rheumatic-heart-disease."},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-8602.1000347"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/pm-21-64"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4103\/NJM.NJM_105_20","article-title":"Observed causes of severe respiratory distress among children with congenital heart disease","volume":"29","author":"Chinawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.09.001"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref20","unstructured":"20. Pediatric Cardiology Associates of Houston. Rapid Breathing. https:\/\/www.kidsheartshouston.com\/answers\/21877-rapid-breathing. Accessed November 30, 2025."},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjcpc.2023.10.001"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.06.049"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2016.11.01"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jccm.1001056","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart diseases among primary school children in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, West Africa","volume":"4","author":"Ujuabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiol Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4236\/wjcs.2017.74007","article-title":"Congenital heart diseases diagnosed on transthoracic echocardiography: perspectives from the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Faruk","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-475"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2024.05.003"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2024.05.025"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30402-X"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2025.09.011"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref18","first-page":"1117","article-title":"Clinical profile of congenital heart disease in RIMS hospital","volume":"6","author":"Golmei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Sci Clin Res"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref32","first-page":"104809","article-title":"Ventricular septal defects: a review. Congenital Heart Defects - Recent Advances","volume":"10","author":"Doshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open access peer-reviewed chapter"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311686"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951117002530"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2014-055"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on delivery of paediatric cardiac services in Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Bamigboye-Taiwo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol Vasc Res"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref6","first-page":"357","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart disease in children and adolescents under 18 in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Danso","year":"2024","journal-title":"WJPCHS"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2024.131828","article-title":"Increasing burden of rheumatic heart disease in children: challenges persist despite a century of experience","volume":"402","author":"Watkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref11","first-page":"327","article-title":"Congenital heart diseases: pattern of clinical presentations in children less than 2-years of age in a pediatric practice in south-south Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Osarenkhoe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res J Health Sci"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref25","first-page":"250","article-title":"Heart murmurs in children: evaluation and management","volume":"105","author":"Ford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.1327"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref19","first-page":"262","article-title":"Spectrum of Congenital heart diseases in children at a tertiary care hospital of Western Maharashtra- a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Surendiran","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJCM"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref38","first-page":"10 15744 2394","article-title":"A descriptive study about dilated cardiomyopathy in children in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Animasahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiolog"},{"key":"S1047951126113456_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.025"}],"container-title":["Cardiology in the Young"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1047951126113456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:35:08Z","timestamp":1782128108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1047951126113456\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1047951126113456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1047951126113456","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-9511","1467-1107"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-9511","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-1107","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2026. Published by Cambridge University Press","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}