{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:34:12Z","timestamp":1786365252633,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cardiol Young"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S104795112611347X_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with cyanotic CHD experience chronic hypoxaemia and recurrent medical interventions that may adversely affect health-related quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S104795112611347X_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare health-related quality of life between children with cyanotic CHD and healthy peers in Sulaimani, Iraq.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S104795112611347X_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A hospital-based case\u2013control study was conducted between October 2023 and April 2024, including 200 children with cyanotic CHD and 200 age- and sex-comparable healthy controls aged 3\u201313 years. Quality of life was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL\u2122), including the Generic Core Scale Version 4.0 and the Cardiac Module Version 3.0, through parent-reported interviews. Group differences were examined using independent-samples\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests and analysis of covariance, adjusting for age, sex, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and educational level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S104795112611347X_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with cyanotic CHD had significantly lower health-related quality-of-life scores across all domains compared with healthy children (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values &lt; 0.001). After adjustment, the largest differences were observed in physical functioning and total quality of life, with large effect sizes (partial\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0.50 and 0.63, respectively). Mean SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      levels were also significantly lower among children with cyanotic CHD (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S104795112611347X_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cyanotic CHD was independently associated with substantial impairment in quality of life across physical and psychosocial domains. Lower peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) was independently associated with poorer health-related quality of life. These findings support integrating health-related quality-of-life assessment and multidisciplinary care into the routine management of children with cyanotic CHD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s104795112611347x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:06:31Z","timestamp":1782453991000},"page":"1262-1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health-related quality of life in children with cyanotic CHD compared with healthy peers: a case\u2013control study, Sulaimani, Iraq"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3989-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niaz","family":"Mustafa Kamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05v9vy052","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-22-284"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1062386"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02611-y"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039049"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.109152"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2020.4047"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmac089"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.81.1.49"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0779-y"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2019.07.07"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref1","volume-title":"Quality of Well-being Scale, in StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Kaylor","year":"2024"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0887044021000058076"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2459\/01.JCM.0000247441.79644.4b"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref13","first-page":"742","article-title":"Parental socioeconomic status as a predictor of physical and mental health outcomes in children - Literature review","volume":"56","author":"Vukojevi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Clinica Croatica"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1693"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2018-000377"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1258725"},{"key":"S104795112611347X_ref14","unstructured":"14. 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