{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T23:21:39Z","timestamp":1773962499072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]],"date-time":"2012-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340841600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3132,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n \n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:title>\n Stress debriefing following exposure to a critical incident\n isbecoming more prevalent. Its aim is to prevent or minimize the\n development of excessive stress response symptoms that lead to loss of\n productivity or effectiveness in the workplace or at home. There is\n little evidence that any form of psychological debriefing is effective.\n This study evaluated the effectiveness of three intervention strategies,\n and attempted to correlate the symptoms with the severity of the\n incidentand level of intervention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:title>\n A randomized, controlled trial of three levels of critical stress\n intervention was conducted in the British Columbia Ambulance Service\n (BCAS), in British Columbia, Canada, among paramedics and emergency\n medical technicians (EMTs), reporting critical incident stress. Outcomes\n were measured at one week (Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire\n (SASRQ), the Life Impact Score (LIS), and Schedule of Recent Events\n (SRE)), and at three months and six months following the intervention\n (Impact of Events (IE), Coping Mechanisms, LIS, and SRE).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:title>\n Fifty calls were received during the 26-month study period (<1\n per 10,000 BCAS response calls): 23 were by third parties, but the\n involved EMT did not call;nine were placed by crew unwilling to\n participate in the study; 18 subjects enrolled, but six completed no\n forms. No correlation was found between severity of the incident and\n scores on the SASRQ, IE, or LIS, or between any of these scores. There\n was no consistent pattern in the stress scores over time.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:title>\n Requests for critical incident stress intervention were uncommon.\n The need for intervention may not be as great as generally is assumed.\n Further randomized trials, ideally multicenter studies, are\n indicated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x00001333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T07:46:14Z","timestamp":1472024774000},"page":"367-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Randomized, Controlled Trial of Three Levels of Critical Incident Stress\n Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Macnab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.1.75"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref014","volume-title":"The Total Design Method.","author":"Dillman","year":"1978"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(67)90010-4"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09897-5"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.1.60"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref018","volume-title":"Managing Stress in Emergency Medical Services. A monograph.\n AmericanAcademy of Orthopedic Surgery.","author":"Seaward","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref008","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost of the inpatient treatment of\n post-traumatic stress disorder: Comparison of three models of\n treatment","volume":"154","author":"Fontana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref007","first-page":"CD000560","article-title":"Psychological debriefing for preventing post-traumatic stress\n disorder (PTSD)","volume":"3","author":"Suzanna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref003","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental\n Disorders","year":"1980"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref001","volume-title":"Emergency Services Stress, Guidelines for Preserving the\n Health and Careers of Emergency Services Personnel.","author":"Mitchell","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref005","first-page":"47","article-title":"Stress: The history, status and future of critical incident\n stress debriefings","author":"Mitchell","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Emerg Med Services"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.165.6.717"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00043168"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6993.1479"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.888","article-title":"Predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms among survivors\n of the Oakland\/Berkeley, Calif., firestorm","volume":"151","author":"Koopman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X0004317X"},{"key":"S1049023X00001333_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X0002848X"}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X00001333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T09:48:05Z","timestamp":1658224085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X00001333\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X00001333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x00001333","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-1938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}}}