{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:54:44Z","timestamp":1789851284098,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]],"date-time":"2012-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340841600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1001,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X00007196_sec01\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Context:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>The military conflict that occurred between Lebanon and Israel in July and August of 2006 was characterized by the heavy bombardment of specific geographic regions in Israel, resulting in considerable civilian casualties and property damage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X00007196_sec02\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Israeli civilians directly and indirectly exposed to bombardment were compared on exposure to the recent bombardment, trauma history, perceived life threat and peritraumatic dissociation during the recent bombardment, and current post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X00007196_sec03\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Design, Setting, and Participants:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Following the conflict, data were collected by telephone from 317 Israeli residents randomly selected from two towns that were subject to differing levels of exposure to the bombardment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X00007196_sec04\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Intervention(s):<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>None<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X00007196_sec05\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to trauma during the Second Lebanon War, prior trauma exposure, PTSD symptom severity, perceived life threat, and peri-traumatic dissociation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X00007196_sec06\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>The residents directly affected by the bombardment (Kiryat Shmona; KS) endorsed more trauma exposure, (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01); more prior trauma, (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01); more life threat, (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01); and greater PTSD symptomatology (12 % of KY participants and 38% of KS participants had probable PTSD), compared to residents in the comparison town (Kfar Yona; KY). Both groups reported a similar degree of peri-event dissociation (KS: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 7.2 \u00b13.7; KY: <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> = 7.3 \u00b13.0). Perceived life threat mediated the relationship between exposure to bombardment and PTSD symptomatology. Time spent in bomb shelters was not associated with PTSD symptom severity. Prior shelling-related trauma negatively predicted PTSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X00007196_sec07\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold><\/jats:title><jats:p>The terror of bombardment is a risk factor for PTSD among civil-ians. Although there is considerable resilience in chronically threatened commu-nities, it is prudent to develop and implement public health approaches to prevent those most distressed during and after attacks from developing PTSD. Because, to a small degree, prior trauma exposure buffers the response to bombardment, interventions should consider leveraging citizens' past successful coping.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x00007196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,23]],"date-time":"2015-11-23T13:40:14Z","timestamp":1448286014000},"page":"389-394","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Israeli Civilians under Heavy Bombardment: Prediction of the Severity of Post-Traumatic Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Eli","family":"Somer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviva","family":"Zrihan-Weitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Fus\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Dickstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"Maguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett T.","family":"Litz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.5.612"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref009","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Early Intervention for Trauma and Traumatic Loss","author":"King","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000242124.21796.f8"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref001","unstructured":"1. Global Security: Hizballah rockets. Available at http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/para\/hizballah-rockets.htm. Accessed 28 Novemeber 2007."},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20106"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.110.3.392"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.2.219","article-title":"Predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder in injured trauma survivors: A prospective study","volume":"153","author":"Shalev","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref004","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed, Text Revision","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.902","article-title":"Peri-traumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress in male Vietnam theater veterans","volume":"151","author":"Marmar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref020","volume-title":"Applied Multiple Regression\/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref022","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Methods for Disaster Mental Health Research","author":"Galea","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref003","unstructured":"3. Berg R : Kiryat Shmona counts cost of war. Available at http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/low\/middle_east\/5264594.stm. Accessed 11 October 2007."},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.5.543"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(67)90010-4"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref002","unstructured":"2. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The Second Lebanon War. Available at http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.il\/MFA\/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace\/Terrorism+from+Lebanon-+Hizbullah\/Hizbullah+attack+in+northern+Israel+and+Israels+response+12-Jul-2006.htm. Accessed 28 November 2007."},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref007","first-page":"69","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress symptoms among UN-soldiers and relief workers","volume":"17","author":"Kaspersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Psychiatr"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007797904536"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.9.4.445"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800701652777"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.3.507"},{"key":"S1049023X00007196_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.276"}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X00007196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T10:26:47Z","timestamp":1556620007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X00007196\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X00007196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x00007196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-1938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}