{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:25:14Z","timestamp":1785547514385,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005038_abs1\" sec-type=\"intro\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the course of their duties, firefighters risk heat stroke and other medical conditions due to exertion in high-temperature environments. Infrared tympanic temperature measurement (T<jats:sub>Tym)<\/jats:sub>is often used by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to assess the core body temperature of firefighters. The accuracy of T<jats:sub>Tym<\/jats:sub>in this setting has been called into question.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005038_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Hypothesis\/Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to examine the accuracy of T<jats:sub>Tym<\/jats:sub>for core body temperature assessment at emergency firefighting events compared with gastrointestinal temperature measurement (T<jats:sub>GI<\/jats:sub>) as measured by ingestible thermometers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005038_abs3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty-five (42 male, three female) professional urban firefighters from an Australian fire service completed two 20-minute work periods in a 100\u00b0C (\u00b1 5\u00b0C) heat chamber while wearing personal protective clothing (PPC) and breathing apparatus (weighing approximately 22 kg). Measurements were taken immediately before entering, and on exiting, the heat chamber. Tympanic temperature was assessed by an infrared tympanic thermometer and T<jats:sub>GI<\/jats:sub>was measured by ingestible sensor and radio receiver.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005038_abs4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete data were available for 37 participants. Participant temperatures were higher on exiting the heat chamber than at baseline (T<jats:sub>Tym<\/jats:sub>: 35.9\u00b0C (SD=0.7) vs 37.5\u00b0C (SD=0.8); T<jats:sub>GI:<\/jats:sub>37.2\u00b0C (SD=0.4) vs 38.6\u00b0C (SD=0.5)). Tympanic temperature underestimated T<jats:sub>GI<\/jats:sub>on average by 1.3\u00b0C (SD=0.5) before entering the chamber and by 1.0\u00b0C (SD=0.8) following the exercise. Using pooled data, the average underestimation was 1.2\u00b0C (SD=0.7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005038_abs5\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tympanic thermometers cause an unreliable measure of core body temperature for firefighters engaged in fire suppression activities. Accurate and practical measures of core body temperature are required urgently.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:mixed-citation id=\"S1049023X15005038_refa1\" publication-type=\"journal\"><jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Keene<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>T<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>,<jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Brearley<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>M<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>,<jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Bowen<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>B<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>,<jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Walker<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>A<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>.<jats:article-title>Accuracy of tympanic temperature measurement in firefighters completing a simulated structural firefighting task<\/jats:article-title>.<jats:source>Prehosp Disaster Med<\/jats:source>.<jats:year>2015<\/jats:year>;<jats:volume>30<\/jats:volume>(<jats:issue>5<\/jats:issue>):<jats:fpage>461<\/jats:fpage>\u2013<jats:lpage>465<\/jats:lpage>.<\/jats:mixed-citation><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x15005038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T06:20:38Z","timestamp":1441088438000},"page":"461-465","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Accuracy of Tympanic Temperature Measurement in Firefighters Completing a Simulated Structural Firefighting Task"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Toby","family":"Keene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Brearley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903121003770654"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01215.x"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130110068933"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.157"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref28","first-page":"150","volume-title":"Proceedings of Bushfire CRC and AFAC 2012 Conference Research Forum","volume":"Vol 28","author":"Langridge","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2014.887790"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10543400701329422"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.4.1233","article-title":"Reexamination of tympanic membrane temperature as a core temperature","volume":"80","author":"Sato","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2010.545477"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3542.2013"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2843-8"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X12001847"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2002.tb11201.x","article-title":"Acceptable agreement between tympanic and rectal temperature in acute stroke patients","volume":"56","author":"Christensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.4.1002"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900600711613"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0038"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903120903524963"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2011.614047"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref12","first-page":"333","article-title":"Validity of devices that assess body temperature during outdoor exercise in the heat","volume":"42","author":"Casa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000233800.69776.ef"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2013.869644"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.12.013"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_refa1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X15005038"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200029050-00004"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2009.10.001"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.2.124"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.11.006"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref22","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref21","volume-title":"Fire Fighter Cooling in Tropical Field Conditions","author":"Brearley","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130412331303911"},{"key":"S1049023X15005038_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.07.001"}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X15005038","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,13]],"date-time":"2023-08-13T15:58:34Z","timestamp":1691942314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X15005038\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X15005038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x15005038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-1938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]}}}