{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T23:57:35Z","timestamp":1709078255657},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005294_abs1\" sec-type=\"intro\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prehospital care, including patient transport, is integral in the patient care process during the Ebola response. Transporting ill persons from the community to Ebola care facilities can stop community spread. Vehicles used for patient transport in infectious disease outbreaks should be evaluated for adequate infection prevention and control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005294_abs2\" sec-type=\"general\"><jats:title>Problem<\/jats:title><jats:p>An ambulance driver in Sierra Leone attributed his Ebola infection to exposure to body fluids that leaked from the patient compartment to the driver cabin of the ambulance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005294_abs3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A convenience sample of 14 vehicles used to transport patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola in Sierra Leone were assessed. The walls separating the patient compartment and driver cabin in these vehicles were evaluated for structural integrity and potential pathways for body fluid leakage. Ambulance drivers and other staff were asked to describe their cleaning and decontamination practices. Ambulance construction and design standards from the National Fire Protection Association, US General Services Administration, and European Committee on Standardization (CEN) were reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005294_abs4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many vehicles used by ambulance staff in Sierra Leone were not traditional ambulances, but were pick-up trucks or sport-utility vehicles that had been assembled or modified for patient transport. The wall separating the patient compartment and driver cabin in many vehicles did not have a waterproof seal around the edges. Staff responsible for cleaning and disinfection did not thoroughly clean bulk body fluids with disposable towels before disinfection of the patient compartment. Pressure from chlorine sprayers used in the decontamination process may have pushed body fluids from the patient compartment into the driver cabin through gaps around the wall. Ambulance design standards do not require a waterproof seal between the patient compartment and driver cabin. Sealing the wall by tightening or replacing existing bolts is recommended, followed by caulking of all seams with a sealant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X15005294_abs5\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Waterproof separation between the patient compartment and driver cabin may be essential for patient transport vehicles in infectious disease outbreaks, especially when chlorine sprayers are used for decontamination or in resource-limited settings where cleaning supplies may be limited.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:mixed-citation id=\"S1049023X15005294_refa1\" publication-type=\"journal\"><jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Casey<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>ML<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>, <jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Nguyen<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>DT<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>, <jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Idriss<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>B<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>, <jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Bennett<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>S<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>, <jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Dunn<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>A<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>, <jats:name name-style=\"western\"><jats:surname>Martin<\/jats:surname><jats:given-names>S<\/jats:given-names><\/jats:name>. <jats:article-title>Potential exposure to Ebola virus from body fluids due to ambulance compartment permeability in Sierra Leone<\/jats:article-title>. <jats:source>Prehosp Disaster Med<\/jats:source>. <jats:year>2015<\/jats:year>;<jats:volume>30<\/jats:volume>(<jats:issue>6<\/jats:issue>):<jats:fpage>625<\/jats:fpage>\u2013<jats:lpage>627<\/jats:lpage>.\n<\/jats:mixed-citation><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x15005294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T09:26:38Z","timestamp":1446024398000},"page":"625-627","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Potential Exposure to Ebola Virus from Body Fluids due to Ambulance Compartment Permeability in Sierra Leone"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Megan L.","family":"Casey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duong T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barrie","family":"Idriss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X15005294_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2004.09.007"},{"key":"S1049023X15005294_ref5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Guidance for Ambulance Service Providers in West Africa Ebola-Affected Areas. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/ebola\/hcp\/guidance-ambulance-service-providers.html. Accessed June 3, 2015."},{"key":"S1049023X15005294_ref6","volume-title":"KKK-A-1822F, Federal Specification for the Star-of-Life Ambulance","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1049023X15005294_ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ebola Situation Report. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/ebola\/current-situation\/ebola-situation-report-23-september-2015. Accessed September 28, 2015."},{"key":"S1049023X15005294_ref7","volume-title":"NFPA 1917:2013, Standard for Automotive Ambulances","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1049023X15005294_refa1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X15005294"},{"key":"S1049023X15005294_ref3","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Ebola virus disease in health care workers - Sierra Leone, 2014","volume":"63","author":"Kilmarx","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"S1049023X15005294_ref8","volume-title":"CEN 1789:2007, Medical Vehicles and their Equipment - Road Ambulances","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X15005294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T01:56:27Z","timestamp":1555725387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X15005294\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X15005294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x15005294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-1938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]}}}