{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T21:40:18Z","timestamp":1783633218270,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20000394_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) terrorism continues to be a global threat. Studies examining global and historical toxicological characteristics of CBR terrorism are lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20000394_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and RAND Database of Worldwide Terrorism Incidents (RDWTI) were searched for CBR terrorist attacks from 1970 through 2017. Events fulfilling terrorism and poisoning definitions were included. Variables of event date and location, event realization, poisonous agent type, poisoning agent, exposure route, targets, connected events, additional means of harm, disguise methods, poisonings, and casualties were analyzed along with time trends and data gaps.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20000394_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 446 events of CBR terrorism were included from all world regions. A trend for increased number of events over time was observed (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.727; coefficient = 0.511). In these attacks, 4,093 people lost their lives and 31,903 were injured. Chemicals were the most commonly used type of poison (63.5%). The most commonly used poisonous agents were acids (12.3%), chlorine or chlorine compounds (11.2%), riot control agents (10.8%), cyanides (5.8%), and Bacillus anthracis (4.9%). Occurrence of poisoning was confirmed in 208 events (46.6%). Most common exposure routes were skin, mucosa, or eye (57.2%) and inhalation (47.5%). Poison was delivered with additional means of harm in 151 events (33.9%) and in a disguised way in 214 events (48.0%), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20000394_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study showed that CBR terrorism is an on-going and increasingly recorded global threat involving diverse groups of poisons with additional harmful mechanisms and disguise. Industrial chemicals were used in chemical attacks. Vigilance and preparedness are needed for future CBR threats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x20000394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T06:04:03Z","timestamp":1585807443000},"page":"260-266","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Global Characteristics of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Poison Use in Terrorist Attacks"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8380-1676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burc","family":"Aydin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X20000394_ref4","unstructured":"4. United Nations Secretary-General. 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Hughart, J. Industrial chemicals as weapons of mass destruction. Paper presented at: Chemical and Biological Medical Treatment Symposium - Industry II the First World Congress on Chemical and Biological Terrorism; April 21-27, 2001; Dubrovnik, Croatia. https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/206e\/a06a08a8f6a94d3ffdfab8ad24c492b28fa4.pdf. Accessed August 23, 2019."},{"key":"S1049023X20000394_ref7","unstructured":"7. European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Action plan to enhance preparedness against chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear security risks. COM(2017) 610 final. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/en\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A52017DC0610. Published October 18, 2017. Accessed August 23, 2019."},{"key":"S1049023X20000394_ref9","unstructured":"9. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). Global Terrorism Database, 2018. https:\/\/www.start.umd.edu\/gtd. Accessed June 17, 2019."},{"key":"S1049023X20000394_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179057"},{"key":"S1049023X20000394_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/KXIMTV"},{"key":"S1049023X20000394_ref18","unstructured":"18. Lloyd\u02bcs and Chatham House. Emerging risk report 2016. Use of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons by non-state actors - Emerging trends and risk factors. https:\/\/www.lloyds.com\/~\/media\/files\/news%20and%20insight\/risk%20insight\/2016\/cbrn.pdf. Published 2016. 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