{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:11:51Z","timestamp":1770754311610,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586736000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X2000045X_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tourniquets (TQs) save lives. Although military-approved TQs appear more effective than improvised TQs in controlling exsanguinating extremity hemorrhage, their bulk may preclude every day carry (EDC) by civilian lay-providers, limiting availability during emergencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X2000045X_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Study Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of the current study was to compare the efficacy of three novel commercial TQ designs to a military-approved TQ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X2000045X_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine Emergency Medicine residents evaluated four different TQ designs: Gen 7 Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT7; control), Stretch Wrap and Tuck Tourniquet (SWAT-T), Gen 2 Rapid Application Tourniquet System (RATS), and Tourni-Key (TK). Popliteal artery flow cessation was determined using a ZONARE ZS3 ultrasound. Steady state maximal generated force was measured for 30 seconds with a thin-film force sensor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X2000045X_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Success rates for distal arterial flow cessation were 89% CAT7; 67% SWAT-T; 89% RATS; and 78% TK (H 0.89; P = .83). Mean (SD) application times were 10.4 (SD = 1.7) seconds CAT7; 23.1 (SD = 9.0) seconds SWAT-T; 11.1 (SD = 3.8) seconds RATS; and 20.0 (SD = 7.1) seconds TK (F 9.71; P &lt;.001). Steady state maximal forces were 29.9 (SD = 1.2) N CAT7; 23.4 (SD = 0.8) N SWAT-T; 33.0 (SD = 1.3) N RATS; and 41.9 (SD = 1.3) N TK.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X2000045X_as5\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>All novel TQ systems were non-inferior to the military-approved CAT7. Mean application times were less than 30 seconds for all four designs. The size of these novel TQs may make them more conducive to lay-provider EDC, thereby increasing community resiliency and improving the response to high-threat events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x2000045x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,13]],"date-time":"2020-04-13T08:00:19Z","timestamp":1586764819000},"page":"276-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Efficacy of Novel Commercial Tourniquet Designs for Extremity Hemorrhage Control: Implications for Spontaneous Responder Every Day Carry"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Joshua","family":"Ellis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa 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