{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:59:38Z","timestamp":1747173578853,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20001375_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main objective was to study different clinical presentations and outcomes of patients after acute industrial chlorine gas exposure in Oman with evaluation of overall incident management to help develop a chemical exposure incident protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20001375_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective observational study of 15 patients exposed to chlorine gas after an accidental chlorine gas leak in a metal melting factory in Oman.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20001375_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six (40%) patients were admitted and nine (60%) patients were discharged from the emergency department (ED) after initial management. The important post-chlorine gas exposure clinical symptoms were eye irritation (66.6%), cough (73.3%), shortness of breath (40.0%), chest discomfort (66.6%), rhinorrhea (66.6%), dizziness (40.0%), vomiting (46.6%), sore throat (13.3%), and stridor (53.3%). Important signs included tachycardia (40.0%), tachypnea (40.0%), wheeze (20.0%), and use of accessory muscles for breathing (20.0%). Signs and symptoms of eye irritation, rhinorrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, wheeze, and use of accessory muscles for breathing have shown significant correlation with outcome (admission) having P value of &lt;.05.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X20001375_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the presented acute chlorine gas exposure incidence, 15 exposed persons were brought to the ED, out of which six were admitted and nine were discharged after symptomatic treatment. Signs and symptoms of eye irritation, rhinorrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, wheeze, and use of accessory muscles of breathing show significant relation with the outcome of admission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x20001375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T06:13:41Z","timestamp":1605248021000},"page":"18-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Presentations and Outcomes of Industrial Chlorine Gas Exposure Incidence in Oman"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8670-1112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Faisal","family":"Khilji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00005641"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e31818d191e"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00308602"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref29","first-page":"85","article-title":"Acute accidental exposure to chlorine fumes-a study of 82 cases","volume":"34","author":"Moulick","year":"1992","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref3","first-page":"155","article-title":"On a combination of oxymuriatic gas and oxygen gas","volume":"101","author":"Davy","year":"1832","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc London."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2014.04.020"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref7","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Canadian emergency department triage and acuity scale: implementation guidelines","volume":"1","author":"Beveridge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Canadian J Emerg Med."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(94)90228-3"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4110"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-004-2530-3"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4324"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disaster in Graniteville","volume":"12","author":"Ball","year":"2005","journal-title":"SC Nurse."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181bfdc67"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379300900304"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.88.3.376"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref41","first-page":"951","volume-title":"Goldfrank\u2019s Toxicologic Emergencies","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref36","unstructured":"36. Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment: START. http:\/\/citmt.org\/Start\/flowchart.htm. Accessed May 2020."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref37","unstructured":"37. Jump START Pediatric MCI Triage Tool Web site. http:\/\/www.jumpstarttriage.com. Accessed March 8, 2014."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref42","first-page":"305","article-title":"The toxic emergency, it\u2019s a gas","author":"Done","year":"1976","journal-title":"Emerg Med."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4110"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref20","first-page":"151","article-title":"Chlorine gas: an evolving hazardous material threat and unconventional weapon","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.06.011"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref34","unstructured":"34. US Department of Health and Human Services. Chemical Hazards Emergency Management (CHEMM) Web Site. https:\/\/chemm.nlm.nih.gov\/lungagents.htm. Accessed August 19, 2016."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659809162593"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90952-8"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref9","unstructured":"9. Neal, DJ. Prehospital patient triage in mass casualty incidents: an engineering management analysis and prototype strategy recommendation [dissertation]. Washington DC, USA: George Washington University; 1999. http:\/\/media.proquest.com\/media\/pq\/classic\/doc\/1731954011\/fmt\/ai\/rep\/NPDF?_s=g6o8u8Y7F%2F7qrSRU%2F9101jiICxg%3D. Accessed March 8, 2014."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref39","unstructured":"39. Gilboy, N , Tanabe, P , Travers, D , et al. Emergency Severity Index, Version 4: Implementation Handbook. AHRQ Publication No. 05-0046-2. Rockville, Maryland USA: Agency for Health Care Research and Quality; 2011."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2007.02.005"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120801907620"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref32","first-page":"766","article-title":"The role of poison centers in a mass chlorine exposure","volume":"6","author":"Eldridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201001-008SM"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2016.11.001"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659409017956"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114472"},{"volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Chlorine","year":"2004","key":"S1049023X20001375_ref6"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659509028921"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1977.10667258"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(83)90232-1"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref17","unstructured":"17. OSHA. OSHA 2006 occupational chemical database. http:\/\/www.osha.gov\/chemicaldata\/chemResult.html?RecNo=650. Accessed May 2013."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1866-3"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.12.006"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-014-0029-9"},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5005\/ijcdas-52-3-149","article-title":"Acute accidental exposure to chlorine gas: clinical presentation, pulmonary functions and outcomes","volume":"52","author":"Mohan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci."},{"key":"S1049023X20001375_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0309-8"}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X20001375","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T23:10:26Z","timestamp":1669590626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X20001375\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X20001375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x20001375","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1049-023X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-1938"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}