{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T21:59:54Z","timestamp":1747173594210,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X21000820_as1\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Along with an increase in opioid deaths, there has been a desire to increase the accessibility of naloxone. However, in the absence of respiratory depression, naloxone is unlikely to be beneficial and may be deleterious if it precipitates withdrawal in individuals with central nervous system (CNS) depression due to non-opioid etiologies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X21000820_as2\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate how effective prehospital providers were in administering naloxone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X21000820_as3\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a retrospective study of naloxone administration in two large urban Emergency Medical Service (EMS) systems. The proportion of patients who had a respiratory rate of at least 12 breaths per minute at the time of naloxone administration by prehospital providers was determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X21000820_as4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the two-year study period, 2,580 patients who received naloxone by prehospital providers were identified. The median (interquartile range) respiratory rate prior to naloxone administration was 12 (6-16) breaths per minute. Using an <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> respiratory rate of under 12 breaths per minute to define respiratory depression, only 1,232 (47.8%; 95% CI, 50.3%-54.2%) subjects who received naloxone by prehospital providers had respiratory depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X21000820_as5\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study showed that EMS providers in Los Angeles County, California (USA) frequently administered naloxone to individuals without respiratory depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x21000820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T05:02:57Z","timestamp":1629781377000},"page":"543-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of Naloxone in 9-1-1 Patients without Respiratory Depression in Los Angeles County, California (USA)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clayton","family":"Kazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(88)80653-X"},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-85-6-765","volume":"85","author":"Naloxone","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80933-3"},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0549-5"},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098617744161"},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202561"},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref1","first-page":"416","article-title":"Opioid use disorder: medical treatment options","volume":"100","author":"Coffa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2018.1.36559"},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref2","unstructured":"2. California Legislative Information. AB-2760 Prescription Drugs: Prescribers: Naloxone Hydrochloride and Other FDA-Approved Drugs. http:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB2760. Accessed May 7, 2020."},{"key":"S1049023X21000820_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098614564776"}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X21000820","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T16:33:38Z","timestamp":1633019618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X21000820\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X21000820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x21000820","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1049-023X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1945-1938"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}