{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:53:53Z","timestamp":1792810433636,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23000377_as1\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sports venues foster community and support local economies. Due to their capacity to host hundreds to thousands of spectators, sports venues are vulnerable to becoming targets of terrorism. Types of venues targeted, regional trends, and methods of attack employed world-wide have not been well-described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23000377_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A search of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was conducted from 1970 through the end of 2019. Pre-coded variables for target type \u201cbusiness\u201d and target subtype \u201centertainment\/cultural\/stadium\/casino\u201d were used to identify attacks involving venues where sports events might be viewed by spectators as part of an audience. Sports venues were specifically identified using the search terms \u201csport,\u201d \u201cstadium,\u201d \u201darena,\u201d and \u201cring,\u201d as well as mention of any specific sport. Two authors then manually reviewed each entry for specific information to confirm appropriateness for inclusion, selecting preferentially for attacks against venues where watching a sports event was the primary focus for the majority of the attendees. Descriptive statistics were performed using R (3.6.1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23000377_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy-four (74) terrorist attacks targeting sports venues were identified from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 2019. Thirty-three (33) attacks, or 44.6% of attacks, involved soccer stadiums or soccer venues, while 33.8% of attacks (25 attacks) involved unspecified sports venues. A bombing or explosion was the most frequent method of attack employed, comprising 87.8% of attacks. The highest number of attacks occurred in the Middle East &amp; North Africa. In total, 213 persons died and 699 more were wounded in attacks against sports venues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23000377_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although terrorist attacks against sports venues are uncommon, they carry the risk of mass casualties, especially when explosives are used. A greater understanding of the threat posed by terrorist attacks against sports venues can aid emergency preparedness planning and future medical responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x23000377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T08:32:51Z","timestamp":1679301171000},"page":"366-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Terrorist Attacks against Sports Venues: Emerging Trends and Characteristics Spanning 50 Years"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Grace R.","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3550-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory N.","family":"Jasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4652-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Y.","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.509457"},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-28665-7.00202-8"},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref12","unstructured":"12. Reuters. Indonesia to demolish soccer stadium where stampede killed over 130. https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2022\/10\/18\/football\/indonesia-stadium-disaster-demolished-intl-spt\/index.html. Accessed January 3, 2023."},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00000820"},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref10","first-page":"42","article-title":"Traumatic asphyxia following stadium crowd surge: stadium factors affecting outcome","volume":"97","author":"DeAngeles","year":"1998","journal-title":"WMJ Off Publ State Med Soc Wis."},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01063-6"},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18199973"},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref2","unstructured":"2. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Response to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland. The Global Terrorism Database (GTD). https:\/\/www.start.umd.edu\/gtd. Accessed January 3, 2023."},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref4","volume-title":"EMS Terrorism Response","author":"Alpert","year":"2022"},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1259-8"},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref6","unstructured":"6. Robinson, J , Landauro, I. Paris Attacks: Suicide Bomber Was Blocked From Entering Stade de France. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/attacker-tried-to-enter-paris-stadium-but-was-turned-away-1447520571. Accessed January 3, 2023."},{"key":"S1049023X23000377_ref3","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X23000377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T03:58:52Z","timestamp":1694059132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X23000377\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X23000377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x23000377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-1938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}