{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T10:52:28Z","timestamp":1794394348785,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23000389_as1\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this review was to summarize current evidence from the United States on the effectiveness of practices and interventions for preventing, recognizing, and controlling occupationally acquired infectious diseases in Emergency Medical Service (EMS) clinicians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23000389_as2\"><jats:title>Report and Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and SCOPUS were searched from January 1, 2006 through March 15, 2022 for studies in the United States that involved EMS clinicians and firefighters, reported on one or more workplace practices or interventions that prevented or controlled infectious diseases, and included outcome measures. Eleven (11) observational studies reported on infection prevention and control (IPC) practices providing evidence that hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and on-site vaccine clinics are effective. Less frequent handwashing (survey-weight adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02 to 17.27) and less frequent hand hygiene after glove use (survey-weight adjusted OR 10.51; 95% CI, 2.54 to 43.45) were positively correlated with nasal colonization of Methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA). Lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) or PPE breach were correlated with higher severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seropositivity (unadjusted risk ratio [RR] 4.2; 95% CI, 1.03 to 17.22). Workers were more likely to be vaccinated against influenza if their employer offered the vaccine (unadjusted OR 3.3; 95% CI, 1.3 to 8.3). Active, targeted education modules for H1N1 influenza were effective at increasing vaccination rates and the success of on-site vaccine clinics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23000389_as3\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence from the United States exists on the effectiveness of IPC practices in EMS clinicians, including hand hygiene, standard precautions, mandatory vaccine policies, and vaccine clinics. More research is needed on the effectiveness of PPE and vaccine acceptance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x23000389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T09:30:54Z","timestamp":1680082254000},"page":"371-377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Current Evidence for Infection Prevention and Control Interventions in Emergency Medical Services: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"J. Lee","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edbert B.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5882-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.06.008","article-title":"Predictors of acceptance of H1N1 influenza vaccination by FDNY firefighters and EMS workers","volume":"29","author":"Glaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2012.717169"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref4","unstructured":"4. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Rockville, Maryland USA. effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov. Accessed March 10, 2022."},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002383"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2015.7.25917"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2009.05.012"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2010.541982"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref6","unstructured":"6. Pandemic All Hazards Preparedness Act. Public Law 109-417. 120 Stat. 2831. 2006."},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2021.1993391"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref19","unstructured":"19. Standard Precautions for All Patient Care. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/infectioncontrol\/basics\/standard-precautions.html. Accessed March 10, 2022."},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCTB42"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748373","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.748373","article-title":"Review of Emergency Medical Services vulnerability to high consequence infectious disease in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Richey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health."},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2015.1076098"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab614"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref5","unstructured":"5. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. https:\/\/effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov. Accessed March 10, 2022."},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2021.1912227"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.12.016"},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2004.04006.x","article-title":"A process for systematically reviewing the literature: providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions","volume":"1","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs."},{"key":"S1049023X23000389_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2709.210363","article-title":"Risk for acquiring coronavirus disease illness among Emergency Medical Service personnel exposed to aerosol-generating procedures","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."}],"container-title":["Prehospital and Disaster Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1049023X23000389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T03:58:45Z","timestamp":1694059125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1049023X23000389\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1049023X23000389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1049023x23000389","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-023X","1945-1938"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-023X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-1938","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"\u00a9 The Author(s), 2023. 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