{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T21:42:58Z","timestamp":1780782178896,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23006672_as1\"><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interest in nuclear power as a cleaner and alternative energy source is increasing in many countries. Despite the relative safety of nuclear power, large-scale disasters such as the Fukushima Daiichi (Japan) and Chernobyl (Ukraine) meltdowns are a reminder that emergency preparedness and safety should be a priority. In an emergency situation, there is a need to balance the tension between a rapid response, preventing harm, protecting communities, and safeguarding workers and responders. The first line of defense for workers and responders is personal protective equipment (PPE), but the needs vary by situation and location. Better understanding this is vital to inform PPE needs for workers and responders during nuclear and radiological power plant accidents and emergencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23006672_as2\"><jats:title>Study Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to identify and describe the PPE used by different categories of workers and responders during nuclear and radiological power plant accidents and emergencies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23006672_as3\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature review format following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines was utilized. Databases SCOPUS, PubMed, EMBASE, INSPEC, and Web of Science were used to retrieve articles that examined the PPE recommended or utilized by responders to nuclear radiological disasters at nuclear power plants (NPPs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23006672_as4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search terms yielded 6,682 publications. After removal of duplicates, 5,587 sources continued through the systematic review process. This yielded 23 total articles for review, and five articles were added manually for a total of 28 articles reviewed in this study. Plant workers, decontamination or decommissioning workers, paramedics, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), emergency medical technicians, military, and support staff were the categories of responders identified for this type of disaster. Literature revealed that protective suits were the most common item of PPE required or recommended, followed by respirators and gloves (among others). However, adherence issues, human errors, and physiological factors frequently emerged as hinderances to the efficacy of these equipment in preventing contamination or efficiency of these responders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1049023X23006672_as5\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>If worn correctly and consistently, PPE will reduce exposure to ionizing radiation during a nuclear and radiological accident or disaster. For the best results, standardization of equipment recommendations, clear guidelines, and adequate training in its use is paramount. As fields related to nuclear power and nuclear medicine expand, responder safety should be at the forefront of emergency preparedness and response planning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x23006672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T09:18:10Z","timestamp":1705310290000},"page":"85-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Suit Up: A Systematic Review of the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Recommended and Utilized by Various Classes of Responders to Nuclear Radiological Disasters at Nuclear Power Plants"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Chaverle K.","family":"Noel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica D.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7015-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0015.6470"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10155129"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.15-0084-RA"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01466453211010865"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401397188260"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-199603000-00011"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref5","volume-title":"Sources, Effects, and Risks of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation: UNSCEAR 2013 Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.992523"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/21\/1\/609"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2013.818239"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mev039"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref17","first-page":"97","article-title":"Evaluation of physiological comfort index for workers wearing protective clothing in nuclear or other harsh environments","volume":"4","author":"Cumo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Env Health Risk."},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref35","first-page":"483","article-title":"Are Belgian emergency nurses prepared for chemical and nuclear incidents?","volume":"68","author":"Mortelmans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Clinica Belgica."},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-64-2013-2289"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aa9bc6"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000000361"},{"key":"S1049023X23006672_ref1","unstructured":"1. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}