{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:06:02Z","timestamp":1785409562807,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X25101507_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thermal protective clothing (TPC) protects firefighters from physical threats associated with structural firefighting. However, it also limits the release of body heat generated, which can result in hyperthermia and dehydration. Despite the prevalence of winter structure fires in the United States, there is a paucity of cold-weather firefighting research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X25101507_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Study Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study documented physiological responses to moderate-intensity exercise in a cold environment while wearing TPC with the hypothesis that while exercising in firefighting TPC, a cold environment would maintain normal core body temperature and decrease extremity temperature compared to a thermal neutral environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X25101507_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen firefighters (two females; 30.9 [SD = 8.1] years) participated in both a thermal neutral (20\u00b0C) and cold (-8\u00b0C) condition simulation. Each subject was outfitted with a heart rate (HR) monitor, eight surface temperature sensors, and a core temperature (Tc) capsule prior to donning TPC. For each condition, subjects walked on a treadmill in an environmental chamber to simulate the common firefighting work intervals of two 20-minute sessions, with a short rest in between, followed by a 20-minute rehabilitation period. Body temperatures, HR, respiratory rate (RR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation, comfort, and preference were recorded during exercise and recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X25101507_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Core temperature, HR, RR, and RPE increased during exercise in both conditions. Mean skin temperature (MST) rose during the thermal neutral condition but not during the cold condition. Overall, Tc (0.3 [SD = 0.4]\u00b0C; P = .0142), HR (26.3 [SD = 8.36] BPM), RR (3.56 [SD = 5.6] BPM), RPE (2.0 [SD = 1.9]), and MST (3.4 [SD = 1.2]\u00b0C) were all higher at the end of the neutral condition compared to the cold condition. During recovery, most measures returned to baseline after approximately five-to-20 minutes in both conditions, but they recovered more slowly in the thermal neutral condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X25101507_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate-intensity exercise in TPC increased physiological and perceptual measures more in a thermal neutral environment than a cold environment. Recovery was faster following the cold condition. This may allow firefighters to work for longer durations or recover faster, possibly allowing for fewer crews on scene. However, this study did not account for the risk of other cold induced conditions due to prolonged exposure, such as frostbite. Further investigations should be conducted on cold weather firefighting and its impact on firefighters to establish guidelines and standard operating procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x25101507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:34:16Z","timestamp":1762162456000},"page":"259-265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Physiological Impacts of Cold Conditions during Moderate Intensity Activity while Wearing Firefighter Protective Clothing"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Poreda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y64my43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1035-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Kelleran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y64my43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin M.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y64my43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron P.","family":"DeMott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y64my43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Xing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian M.","family":"Clemency","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y64my43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hostler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1049023X25101507_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2010.545482"},{"key":"S1049023X25101507_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.20.1.35"},{"key":"S1049023X25101507_ref18","article-title":"Ergonomics of the Physical Environment \u2014 Subjective Judgement Scales for Assessing Physical","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environments."},{"key":"S1049023X25101507_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/001401300421798"},{"key":"S1049023X25101507_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964485"},{"key":"S1049023X25101507_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.6.2445"},{"key":"S1049023X25101507_ref3","unstructured":"3. 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}